Skelatal System Flashcards
1
Q
skeletal system is made up of
A
bone tissue, cartilage, blood, dense connective tissue, and nervous tissue
2
Q
Bone functions
A
attach to muscles, protect softer tissues, contain cells that produce blood, store salts, and form blood vessels and nerve passageways
3
Q
work with muscles to
A
maintain body position and control precise movements
4
Q
Flat bones
A
ribs, shoulder bones, certain skull bones
5
Q
Irregular bones
A
many facial bones, spinal and pelvic vertebrae
6
Q
Sesamoid (round) bones
A
inside tendons near joints in the knees, hands, and feet
7
Q
Short bones
A
wrist and ankle bones
8
Q
Long bones
A
arm, forearm, thigh, leg, palms, soles, fingers, toes
9
Q
longer bone shafts with expanded ends
A
Long bones
10
Q
At each end of long bones which articulate and connect with other bones
A
epiphysis
11
Q
articular cartilage
A
What the articulating portion of long bone is coated in
12
Q
epiphysis consists primarily of
A
spongy or cancellous bone
13
Q
diaphysis
A
is connected to each epiphysis, and has walls consisting of a layer of compact or dense bone
14
Q
relatively solid, contains a central space called the marrow cavity
A
Compact bone
15
Q
A cellular layer lining the marrow cavity
A
endosteum
16
Q
diaphysis portion forms a tube that contains
A
hollow medullary cavity
17
Q
all bones are covered by
A
superficial periosteum layer
18
Q
processes
A
create sites where ligaments and tendons can attach
19
Q
osteocytes
A
occupy small chambers (lacunae)
20
Q
create concentric circles around central (Haversian) canals in bones
A
(lacunae)
21
Q
canaliculi
A
microscopic canals
22
Q
Compact bones have a central canal that helps to make up cylinder-shaped osteons
A
Haversian systems
23
Q
Hemopoiesis
A
the process of blood cell production that begins in the yolk sac of the developing embryo
occurs in the red bone marrow, which is located in some spongy bone
24
Q
Red bone marrow contains
A
stem cells that form all of the blood cell types
25
hemoglobin
oxygen-carrying pigment of the red blood cells
26
yellow bone marrow
red bone marrow degenerates into a fatty tissue
27
Adults also have red bone marrow in
proximal epiphyses of the femur and humerus
certain portions of the axial skeleton
28
bones act as
levers
29
bones store
more than 90% of the minerals calcium and phosphorus
30
bone tissue is broken down so that they can be released into the bloodstream
When minerals are needed
31
Calcium is essential for
muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse transmission
32
Phosphate
is required for ATP utilization
33
Bones begin to form during
the first six weeks after fertilization
34
Intramembranous bones
originate between layers of connective tissues that are “sheet-like” in appearance
35
Bone-forming cells develop, depositing bony matrix around them to become osteocytes
osteoblasts
36
Endochondral bones
begin as cartilaginous masses that are eventually replaced by bone tissue
develop from hyaline cartilage that is shaped similarly to the bones they will become
37
When a spongy bone begins to replace the original cartilage,
primary ossification center is created
38
will appear in the epiphyses, forming more spongy bone
secondary ossification centers
39
ossification
The process of replacing other tissues with bone
involves the deposition of calcium salts
40
Osteogenesis
formation of bone
41
Long bones are first formed of
hyaline cartilage, replaced by bony tissue that becomes compact bone
42
Osteogenesis begins with
Diaphysis and ends with epiphyses (endochondral ossification)
43
Flat bones are not formed via
intramembranous ossification
44
intramembranous ossification
bones develop from connective tissue membranes that are replaced by spongy bone, and then compact bone
45
exists where the diaphyses meet the epiphyses
It is made of:
–Reserve cartilage
–Proliferating (hyperplastic) cartilage
–Hypertrophic cartilage
–Calcified matrix
Epiphyseal Plate
46
the long bones can no longer grow
Once the epiphyseal plate experiences “closure”
47
cells that produce bone matrix – they are related to osteoprogenitor cells and osteocytes
Osteoblasts
48
mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the bone matrix
Osteocytes
49
large, multinucleated bone cells – also known as osteophages
Osteoclasts/osteophages
50
Axial skeleton
supports and protects the head, neck, and trunk; includes the skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
51
Appendicular skeleton
contains the upper and lower limb bones, as well as the bones anchoring the limbs to the axial skeleton; includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs
52
human skull is made up of
22 firmly interlocked bones
53
Skull bones divided into
Facial and cranium
54
lines where the bones of the skull lock together
sutures
55
mandible
is attached to the cranium by ligaments
56
Air-filled spaces inside the cranial bones
help the voice to resonate and also reduce the weight of the skull
paranasal sinuses
57
facial skeleton(14)
Maxillae – form the upper jaw, anterior roof of the mouth, floors of the eye orbits, and the nasal cavity sides and floor
–Zygomatic bones – form the cheek prominences below the eyes as well as the lateral walls and floors of the eye orbits
–Nasal bones – form the bridge of the nose
–Vomer bone – forms the nasal septum
–Inferior nasal conchae – support the mucous membranes of the cavity
58
Cervical vertebrae
7 structures that comprise the neck – the atlas (1st vertebrae) supports the head with two kidney-shaped facets; the axis (2nd vertebrae) has a process (dens) that it pivots around
59
Thoracic vertebrae
12 structures that increase in size, moving down the spine, which articulate with the ribs
60
Lumbar vertebrae
five structures in the lower back that are larger than the thoracic vertebrae, to support more body weight
61
triangular structure containing five fused vertebrae that form the vertebral column’s base
Sacrum
62
(tailbone) – the lowest part of the vertebral column, composed of four fused vertebrae
Coccyx
63
thorax
comprised of the thoracic cage, which includes 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum (breastbone), and costal cartilages attaching the ribs to the sternum anteriorly
64
true ribs
first seven
65
false ribs
The last five
66
floating
Final two ribs
67
pectoral girdle
made up of a clavicle (collarbone) and a scapula (shoulder blade) on each side
68
clavicles
collarbones) are shaped like rods with an elongated “S” shape
They are located at the base of the neck, bracing the scapulae to hold the shoulders in place
69
The scapulae
(shoulder blades) are somewhat triangular bones on either side of the upper back
70
Hand
wrist, palm, and fingers
71
metacarpals articulate with
carpals and phalanges (finger bones)
72
pelvic girdle
Two hipbones
which articulate with each other and the sacrum
attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic girdle form the pelvis
73
the largest portion of the hipbone, and forms the prominence of the hip
ilium
74
is the L-shaped, lowest portion of the hipbone – it supports the weight of the body when sitting
ischium
75
the anterior portion of the hipbone, and forms an angle known as the pubic arch
pubis
76
lower limbs
femur (thighbone)
kneecap (patella)
tibia (shinbone
fibula
77
made up of seven tarsal bones that are arranged so that the talus bone moves freely where it joins the leg bones
ankle (tarsus)
78
largest tarsal bone
calcaneus (heel bone)
79
is made up of five metatarsal bones
instep (metatarsus)
80
articulations
junctions between bones, and vary widely in structure and function
They are classified by how they move and according to the types of tissue that binds bones together at the joint
Joints
81
Joints are classified as:
Synarthrotic (immovable)
–Amphiarthrotic (slightly movable)
–Diarthrotic (freely movable)
–Fibrous
–Cartilaginous
–Synovial
82
total of 230 joints in the human body
83
Fibrous joints
lying between bones that closely contact each other – they are joined by thin, dense connective tissue
84
Cartilaginous joints
connected by hyaline cartilage (fibrocartilage), these joints include those that separate the vertebrae
85
those that allow free movement, are more complex, and have an inner lining that secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint
Synovial joints
86
Some synovial joints have shock-absorbing fibrocartilage pads
menisci and/or fluid-filled sacs (bursae)
87
Ball and socket
Shoulders and hips
88
Condyloid(ellipsodial)
Between metacarpals and phalanges
89
Gliding plane
In wrists and ankles
90
Hinge
In elbows and phalanges
91
Pivot
Between proximal ends of radius and ulna
92
Saddle
Between carpal and metacarpal bones
93
Flexion
bending at a joint so that parts come closer together (opposite of extension)
94
Dorsiflexion
moving the ankle so that the foot comes closer to the shin (opposite of plantar flexion)
95
Hyperextension
extending parts at a joint beyond normal range of motion
96
Abduction
moving a part away from the body’s midline (opposite of adduction)
97
Rotation
moving a part around an axis
98
Circumduction
moving a part so that its end follows a circular path
99
turning the hand so that the palm is downward, facing posteriorly (opposite of supination)
Pronation
100
Turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally (opposite of inversion)
Eversion
101
moving a part backward (opposite of protraction)
Retraction
102
raising a part (opposite of depression)
Elevation
