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A&P 1 Review > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Regional anatomy

A

is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen.

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2
Q

systemic anatomy

A

is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system

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3
Q

physiology

A

is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things.

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5
Q

organ systems each have different functions

A

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, and reproduction.

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6
Q

6 environments related to an organism

A
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7
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body.

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8
Q

Catabolisim

A

Release energy

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9
Q

Anabolism

A

Requires energy

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10
Q

Responsiveness

A

the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments.

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11
Q

An example of responsiveness

A

moving toward sources of food and water and away from perceived dangers

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12
Q

Development

A

all of the changes the body goes through in life

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13
Q

differentiation

A

unspecialized cells become specialized

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14
Q

Growth

A

generally the increase in body size.

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15
Q

All multicellular organisms, grow by :

A

increasing the number of existing cells, increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells (such as mineral deposits in bone), and, within very narrow limits, increasing the size of existing cells.

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16
Q

Reproduction

A

the formation of a new organism from parent organisms

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17
Q

Requirements of life

A

Oxygen

Nutrients

Narrow range of temperature

Narrow range of atmospheric pressure

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18
Q

Oxygen

A

key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP.

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19
Q

Nutrients

A

substances in foods and beverages that are essential to human survival.

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20
Q

The three basic classes of nutrients

A

water
the energy-yielding and body-building nutrients (lipids, carbs, proteins)
the micronutrients (vitamins and minerals).

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21
Q

Narrow range of temperature

A

The chemical reactions upon which the body depends can only take place within a narrow range of body temperature

just above 37°C (98.6°F)

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22
Q

Narrow range of atmospheric pressure

A

Atmospheric pressure is pressure exerted by the mixture of gases (primarily nitrogen and oxygen) in the Earth’s atmosphere.

This pressure keeps gases within the body

affects one’s ability to breathe—that is, to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.

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23
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously monitor its internal conditions

body temperature, blood pressure, certain nutrients etc.p. J v

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24
Q

The three types of muscle include

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle

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25
make up of the muscular system
Skeletal muscles, along with other types of muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood, and other connective tissues,
26
fascia
layers of fibrous connective tissue
27
Individual skeletal muscles are separated from other muscles and held in position by
Fascia
28
Fascia
surrounds every muscle and may form cordlike tendons beyond each muscle’s end
29
aponeuroses
Broad sheets of fibers that may attach to bones or to the coverings of other muscles
30
epimysium
Surround muscles closely
31
Perimysium
Separates the muscle into small compartments
32
fascicles
Found inside perimysium Made up of bundles of skeletal muscle fibers
33
endomysium
Inside fascicles Contain muscle fibers
34
skeletal muscle fiber
A single cell that contracts in response to stimulation and relaxes when the stimulation ceases
35
sarcolemma
The cell membrane of a Muscle cell
36
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm
37
sarcoplasm is made up of
many threadlike myofibrils arranged in a parallel fashion to each other
38
Myofibrils
have thick protein filaments composed of myosin, and thin protein filaments mostly composed of actin
39
myosin
thick protein filaments
40
actin
thin protein filaments
41
striations
areas of alternating, colored bands of skeletal muscle fiber
42
sarcomeres
The repeating patterns of striation units that appear along each muscle fiber
43
two main parts of the striation pattern
light bands (I bands) dark bands (A bands)
44
light bands (I bands)
made up of thin filaments of actin attached to Z lines
45
dark bands (A bands)
made up of thick filaments of myosin Overlap actin
46
striation pattern of skeletal muscle fibers
I bands A bands H zone ( central region) M line Z line
47
Inside the sarcoplasm of a muscle fiber
network of channels surrounds each myofibril
48
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Formed by fibrous network of channels surrounding myofibrils
49
Transverse tubules (T tubules)
Membranous channels extending inward and passing through fiber
50
cisternae
Enlarged structures in which t tubules lie in between
51
Neurons (nerve cells)
conduct nerve impulses
52
Motor neurons
control effectors, which include skeletal muscle
53
Each skeletal muscle fiber is connected in a functional manner to
the axon of a motor neuro
54
synapse
functional connection
55
neurotransmitters
chemicals that enable communication
56
At the synapses
neurons communicate with other cells by releasing neurotransmitters
57
neuromuscular junction
the connection between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
58
motor end plate
formed by specialized muscle fiber membrane
59
Motor end plates have
abundant mitochondria and nuclei, with greatly folded sarcolemmas
60
Most muscle fibers have
a single motor end plate
61
motor neuron axons have many branches connecting
the motor neuron to various muscle fibers
62
All muscle fibers contract when
When an impulse is transmitted
63
motor unit
is therefore made up of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls
64
Motor unit
Composed of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates
65
Skeletal muscles contract when
organelles and molecules that bind myosin to actin cause a pulling action
66
Myosin molecules are made up
two protein strands with globe-shaped cross-bridges that project outward
67
Actin molecules are globe-shaped with
binding “site” that attaches to myosin cross-bridges
68
Groups of many actin molecules
twist in double strands (helixes) to form an actin (thin) filament
69
troponin and tropomyosin
Included in the actin filament
70
One subunit of the troponin molecule
binds to tropomyosin,
71
troponin-tropomyosin complex
Bindings of one subunit of troponin and tropomyosin
72
subunit bonded to G actin
Hold the complex position
73
Muscle contractions cannot occur unless
position of the troponin-tropomyosin complex changes to expose the active sites on F actin
74
The functional unit of skeletal unit
Sarcomere
75
Sarcomers shorten
A skeletal muscle contracts Cross bridges pulling on actin
76
sliding filament model
the way that sarcomeres shorten, with thick and thin filaments sliding past each other toward the center of the sarcomere, from both ends
77
Myosin filaments contain
ATPase in their globe-shaped portions
78
Atpase
Catalyzes the breakdown of ATP, add, and phosphate Creating nrg
79
Myosin cross bridges position:
Cocked (binding to actin to pull filaments)
80
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle to contract
81
Acetylcholine releases into synaptic clef
rapidly diffuses, increasing certain protein receptors’ permeability to sodium
82
high calcium ion concentration
the sarcoplasmic reticulum responds by making the cisternae membranes more permeable, diffusing calcium into the sarcoplasm
83
Troponin and tropomyosin interact to form
linkages between actin and myosin filaments
84
Muscle relaxation
Caused by decomp of acetylcholine by acetyl cholinesterase
85
when fibers are active
ATP must be regenerated using existing ATP molecules in cell
86
ADP and phosphate
Regenerate ATP
87
Creatine phosphate
Regenerates ATP regeneration with high energy phosphate bonds
88
ATP breaks down
energy from creatine phosphate is transferred to ADP molecules to covert them back into ATP
89
Oxygen is required for
the breakdown of glucose in the mitochondria
90
Red blood cells
carry oxygen, bound to hemoglobin molecules
91
hemoglobin
the pigment that makes blood appear red in color
92
myoglobin
A pig Manet synthesized in the muscles to give reddish brown color
93
skeletal muscles are used for a minute or more,
anaerobic respiration is required for energy
94
anaerobic respiration
glucose is broken down via glycolysis to yield pyruvic acid, which reacts to produce lactic acid
95
Lactic acid can accumulate in muscles
diffuses in the bloodstream, reaching the liver, where it is synthesized into glucose
96
When exercising strenuously, oxygen is used
mostly to synthesize ATP
97
oxygen debt
Created as lactic acid increases
98
Low to moderate exercise
blood flow to provides enough oxygen for the cells’ needs
99
Glycolysis leads to formation
of pyruvic acid and aerobic respiration
100
For skeletal muscle
36 ATP per glucose is Exhalation of carbon dioxide
101
oxygen supply to be lower than that which is needed by cells
Higher level exercise
102
Glycolysis leads to formation of lactic acid
In high levels of exercise
103
Results of high exercise
2 ATP per glucose is produced The result is an accumulation of lactic acid
104
fatigue
Prolonged exercise may cause a muscle to become unable to contract
105
The cause of muscular fatigue
Lactic acid accumulation
106
Most of the energy that is released in cellular respiration becomes :
Heat
107
Muscle tissue generates a lot of heat because
Muscles formally of body mass
108
Body temperature is partially maintained by
the blood transporting heat generated by the muscle to other body tissues
109
myogram
Can be used to see contraction (twitch) of muscle
110
A muscle fiber will remain unresponsive until
the threshold stimulus is applied
111
The contractile response of a fiber to an impulse which consists of a period of contraction followed by a period of relaxation
twitch
112
When a muscle appears to be at rest, its fibers still undergo some sustained contraction
muscle tone or tonus
113
One end of a skeletal muscle usually is fastened to a relatively immovable part
origin
114
connects to a movable part
insertion
115
biceps brachii muscle of the arm
More than one origin or insertion
116
Skeletal muscles usually function in
groups
117
A muscle that contracts to provide most of a desired movement is called
prime mover or agonist
118
muscles work with a prime mover to make its action more effective
synergists
119
cause movement in the opposite direction
antagonists
120
elongated shapes with tapered ends does not have the striations that skeletal muscle has because
Smooth muscle cells
121
has separated muscle fibers, and is found in the irises of the eyes as well as the walls of blood vessels
Multiunit smooth muscle
122
Visceral smooth muscle
is made up of sheets of cells that are spindle-shaped – it is found in the walls of hollow organ
123
a pattern of repeated contractions which is caused by self-exciting fibers
rhythmicity
124
wavelike motion of many tubular organs caused by these features of visceral smooth muscle
peristalsis
125
found only in the heart up of striated cells that are connected into three-dimensional networks Less calcium is stored longer muscle twitches than in skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
126
Effects of Aging on the Muscular System
tissues decrease in strength and size as we age Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter as the number of myofibrils decreases Skeletal muscles also become less elastic as fibrosis occurs

A&P 1 Review (4 decks)

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