Remains of the epiphyseal plate Seen in adult bones

Skeletal Flashcards by Shums Pirzada

Classification of Joints

Functions of joints

hold allow

Hold bones together
Allow for mobility

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Epiphyseal line

Remains of the epiphyseal plate
Seen in adult bones

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Bone Fractures

Fracture

break

break in a bone

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Homeostatic Imbalance

Osteoporosis

bone thinning, makes, vertebral collape, estrogen

Bone-thinning disease
makes bones fragile
Vertebral collapse results in kyphosis
Estrogen aids in health and normal density of a female skeleton

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concentric lamallae

surround haversion canals and allows for vessels to pass through

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carpals and tarsals

short bone

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Bone Formation and Growth

Appositional growth

growth, controlled by which hormone

growth in diameter
Controlled by growth hormone

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Classification of Joints

Two ways joints are classified

Functionally – amount of movement joint allows
Structurally – type of tissue

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holes are filled with _ and allow for _ and _ to pass

red bone marrow and arteries and veins

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anatomy of long bone

Diaphysis

sh, makes up, composed

Shaft
Makes up most of bone’s length
Composed of compact bone

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Bone Formation and Growth

Ossification

process, occurs

Process of bone formation
Occurs on hyaline cartilage models or fibrous membranes

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Short bones

cube, include bones of wri,ank , ex car tar

Generally cube-shaped
Include bones of the wrist and ankle
Ex. Carpals & Tarsals

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Structural Classes of Joints

Synovial Joints

articulatingB joint cavity, synovial fluid, diath

Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity
Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity
Diathroses

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Classification of bones

long, short, flat, irregular

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functions of bone

Framework
Protection
Attached skeletal muscles
Mineral & Fat storage
Hematopoiesis

ss, soft, for, cal fatC, bloodRBM

provides shape and support

for soft body organs i.e Skull –brain; rib cage - lungs

for movement

Calcium and Phosphate, fat in the internal marrow cavity

blood cell formation within red bone marrow

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Repair of Bone Fractures

two: Fibrocartilage callus forms

made of. splint

made of fibrous tissue and cartilage. This acts as a splint to close up the gap which has occurred in the broken bone

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Two basic types of bone (osseous) tissue

Compact bone

Spongy bone

DSH, small needle many space

Dense, smooth, and homogeneous

Small needle-like pieces of bone. Many open spaces

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Microscopic Structure

Osteon (Haversian system)

unitB containing CC and MR

A unit of bone containing central canal and matrix rings

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synovial joints

Four distinguishing features of synovial joints

articular, acapsule, jointC, reinforcing

Articular cartilage
Articular capsule
Joint cavity
Reinforcing ligaments

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Anatomy of a Long Bone

Epiphysis

ends, composed spongy enclosed by thin

Ends of the bone
Composed mostly of spongy bone enclosed by thin layer of compact bone

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Two subdivisions of the skeleton?

Axial and Appendicular

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Include bones of the wrist and ankle

short bone

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Irregular bones

irregular sh, ex vsc

irregular shape
Ex. Vertebrae & Sacrum/Coccyx

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periostium- anatomy of long bone

Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

secure

secure periosteum to underlying bone

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# Microscopic Structure Central (Haversian) canal ## Footnote opening,runs,carries

Opening in the center of an osteon Runs lengthwise through bone Carries blood vessels and nerves

# Anatomy of a Long Bone Marrow (medullary) cavity | cavity, contains, contains

Cavity inside the shaft Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults Contains red marrow for blood cell formation in infants

# Bone Formation and Growth Epiphyseal plates are converted to ## Footnote boneA, epiphyseal, length ends

**bone** during adolescence to form epiphyseal line. bone length then ends

# Microscopic Structure Osteocytes Lacunae Lamellae ## Footnote situated, are arranged, are rings

situated within cavities known as lacunae Lacunae are arranged in concentric rings called lamellae Lamellae are rings situated around the central (Haversian) canal

# Homeostatic Imbalances Sprains Dislocations and ## Footnote ligament, bones, frac

Ligament of a *joint* is stretched or torn Bones are forced out of their normal position Fracture

# Types of Synovial Joints 1. Ball and socket 1. Pivot 1. Saddle 1. Hinge 1. Plane 1. Condylar ## Footnote 1.hipS, 2.skulltV, 3.thu, 4.kep, 5.tcv, 6.phal

1. hip and shoulder 2. skull to Vertebra 3. thumb 4. knee, elbow, phalanges 5. tarsals, carpals, vertebra 6. phalanges

# Curvatures of Spine Primary Secondary Abnormal ## Footnote present, associated, congen

present at birth and are convex posteriorly associated with a child’s later development and are convex anteriorly congenital

# Repair of Bone Fractures three: Bony callus (made of spongy bone) replaces the fibrocartilage callus ## Footnote osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the bony callus

Parts of the skeletal system include ## Footnote bjcl

Bones Joints Cartilages Ligaments

# Homeostatic Imbalances Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ## Footnote autoimmune, attacks, symptoms bilateral, often leads to

An autoimmune disease—the immune system attacks the joints Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints Often leads to deformities

# Types of bone fractures Closed (simple) fracture ## Footnote break not

break that does not penetrate the skin

# Types of bone fractures Open (compound) fracture ## Footnote broken bone

broken bone penetrates through the skin

All of the bones of the limbs (except wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones) are

long bones

Two basic types of bone (osseous) tissue ## Footnote cs

Compact bone Spongy bone

# Anatomy of a Long Bone In adults, red marrow is situated in ## Footnote cavities of __ bone, epiphyses

cavities of spongy bone and epiphyses of some long bones

# Repair of Bone Fractures four: Bone remodeling occurs and it will eventually form a ## Footnote strong

strong permanent patch at the fracture site.

# short bones Sesamoid bones ## Footnote ten, ex p

a type of short bone that form within tendons (ex. patella)

Trabecullae

Calcified portion of spongy bone that *resist* compression

# Repair of Bone Fractures one: Hematoma ## Footnote blood

(blood-filled swelling) is formed

# Bone Formation and Growth By birth, most cartilage is converted to bone except for two regions in a long bone: New cartilage is formed continuously on external face of these two cartilages Old cartilage is broken down and replaced by bony matrix ## Footnote art, epi

Articular cartilages Epiphyseal plates

longitudal growth

growth in length controlled by growth hormone

femur and humerous

long bone

# Structural Classes of Joints Fibrous joints: united by fibrous tissue ## Footnote no, lig, suture of, syna

No cavity is present Ligaments: attach bone to bone Suture joints of the skull Synarthroses (immoveable)

# Cartilaginous Joints Costal cartilage connects

ribs to sternum

Long bones ## Footnote longer, shaft with heads, except wak(c), ex fe hu

longer > wide Shaft with heads situated at both ends All of the bones of the limbs (except wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones) are long bones Ex. Femur & humerus

cancellous bone

spongy, protects bone from compression, spaces filled with red marrow

# Bone Remodeling Hypercalcemia ## Footnote high, initiates

(high blood calcium levels) initiates calcium storage into bones

# Anatomy of a Long Bone Articular cartilage | covers, made, decreases

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses Made of hyaline cartilage Decreases friction at joint surfaces

# Bone Remodeling Parathyroid hormone (PTH) ## Footnote releasedL, activates, osteoclasts break down release

Released when blood calcium levels are low (inc blood calcium) Activates osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells) Osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium ions into the blood

Vertebrae & Sacrum/Coccyx

Irregular bones

Functions of bone? ## Footnote fpamh

Framework Protection Attached skeletal muscles Mineral & Fat storage Hematopoiesis

Flat bones ## Footnote tfc, ex srsp

Thin, flattened, and curved Ex. Skull, Ribs, Sternum & Pelvis

# Homeostatic Imbalances Osteoarthritis (OA) ## Footnote common, related age

Most common chronic arthritis Related to normal aging processes

Skull, Ribs, Sternum & Pelvis

Flat bones

# anatomy of long bone Periosteum ## Footnote outside covering of , fibrous C

Outside covering of the diaphysis Fibrous connective tissue membrane

# Functional Classification of Joints Arthro: means joint Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses ## Footnote isf

immovable joints slightly movable freely movable

# Bone Remodeling Bones are remodeled throughout life in response to two factors: ## Footnote blood, pull

Blood calcium levels Pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton, especially when exercising

# Homeostatic Imbalances Bursitis Tendonitis Arthritis ## Footnote bursa caused, tendon, degenrative

inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction inflammation of tendon sheaths *inflammatory* or degenerative diseases of joints

# Bone Formation and Growth Growth of long bone involves two major phases ## Footnote vocab, enclosed

Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells Enclosed cartilage model is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity

interstitral lamellae

extra support, fill space between osteon

Epiphyseal plate

* Flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone * Causes lengthwise growth of a long bone

# Structural Classes of Joints Cartilaginous Joints ## Footnote united, no, amph

United by cartilage, no cavity is present Amphiarthroses

# Cartilaginous Joints Symphysis ## Footnote cartilage in pubic, discs

cartilage in the pubic symphysis, and intervertebral discs

Skeletal Flashcards

(67 cards)