SKELETAL (bones and joints)

Question 1

are bone-building cells. These cells have an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and numerous ribosomes.

Answer 1

Osteoblasts

Question 2

The hydroxyapatite crystals act as templates that stimulate further hydroxyapatite formation and mineralization of the matrix. The formation of new bone by osteoblasts is called

Answer 2

osteocytes

Question 3

once the osteoblasts have secreted sufficient bone matrix

Answer 3

osteocytes

Question 4

Osteocyte cell bodies are housed within the bone matrix in spaces called

Answer 4

lacunae

Question 5

Osteocyte cell extensions are housed in narrow, long spaces called

Answer 5

canaliculi

Question 6

are bone-destroying cells. These cells break down bone.

Answer 6

Osteoclasts

Question 7

Mature bone is called. It is organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers, called lamellae

Answer 7

lamellar bone

Question 8

consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called trabeculae

Answer 8

Spongy bone

Question 9

The functional unit of compact bone, composed of concentric rings of matrix, which surround a central tunnel and contain osteocytes

Answer 9

Osteon

Question 9

In cross section, an osteon resembles a circular target; the bull’s-eye of the target is the

Answer 9

central canal

Question 9

The ends of a long bone are called e

Answer 9

epiphyses

Question 9

It is the center portion of the bone. It is composed primarily of compact bone tissue, surrounding a hollow center called the medullary cavity.

Answer 9

diaphysis

Question 10

Within joints, the end of a long bone is covered with hyaline cartilage called

Answer 10

articular cartilage

Question 11

is located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

Answer 11

epiphyseal plate

Question 12

When bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified and is called the

Answer 12

epiphyseal line

Question 13

is the site of blood cell formation

Answer 13

Red marrow

Question 14

is mostly adipose tissue.

Answer 14

yellow marrow

Question 15

is a connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of a bone

Answer 15

periosteum

Question 16

is a single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones, such as the medullary cavity of the diaphysis and the smaller cavities in spongy and compact bone

Answer 16

endosteum

Question 17

Skeletal System Functions

Answer 17

1. Support
2. Protect
3. Movement
4. Storage
5. Blood cell production

Question 18

bones are longer than they are wide;
examples are upper and lower limb bones.

Answer 18

Long bones

Question 19

bones are approximately as wide as they
are long; examples are the bones of the wrist and ankle.

Answer 19

short bones

Question 20

bones have a relatively thin, flattened shape;
examples are bones of the skull and sternum.

Answer 20

flat bones

Question 21

include the vertebrae and facial
bones, which have shapes that do not fit readily
into the other three categories.

Answer 21

Irregular bones

Question 22

covers epiphyses reduces friction

Answer 22

Articular cartilage

Question 23

site of growth between diaphysis and epiphysis

Answer 23

Epiphyseal plate

Question 24

center of diaphysis red or yellow marrow

Answer 24

Medullary cavity

Question 25

membrane around bone’s outer surface

Answer 25

Periosteum

Question 26

membrane that lines medullary cavity

Answer 26

Endosteum

Question 27

Bones contain cavities, such as the large medullary cavity in the diaphysis, as well as smaller cavities in the epiphyses of long bones and in the interior of other bones.

Answer 27

Bone Marrow

Question 28

location of blood forming cells.

Answer 28

Red marrow

Question 29

marrow is mostly fat.

Answer 29

Yellow marrow

Question 30

rings of bone matrix

Answer 30

Lamella

Question 31

spaces between lamella

Answer 31

Lacunae

Question 32

tiny canals transport nutrients and remove waste

Answer 32

Canaliculus

Question 33

center of osteon, contains blood vessels

Answer 33

Central canal

Question 34

It is located at the epiphyses of long bones and center of other bones. * It has trabeculae, which are interconnecting rods, and spaces that contain marrow. * It has no osteons.

Answer 34

Spongy bone

Question 34

responsible for the formation of bone and the repair and remodeling of bone.

Answer 34

Osteoblasts

Question 35

cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it.

Answer 35

Osteocytes

Question 36

contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone, called bone reabsorption.

Answer 36

Osteoclasts

Question 37

Bone formation that occurs within connective tissue membranes is called

Answer 37

intramembranous ossification.

Question 37

is the formation of bone by osteoblasts.

Answer 37

Ossification

Question 38

The process begins in areas called, and the trabeculae radiate out from the centers.

Answer 38

ossification centers

Question 38

Bone formation that occurs inside hyaline cartilage is called

Answer 38

endochondral ossification.

Question 38

occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone within connective tissue.

Answer 38

Intramembranous ossification

Question 39

Endochondral bone formation is bone formation within a cartilage model.

Answer 39

Endochondral Ossification

Question 40

smooth, rounded end * Example - occipital condyle

Answer 40

Condyle

Question 41

is composed of the skull, the vertebral column, and the thoracic cage.

Answer 41

The axial skeleton

Question 42

The braincase, which encloses the cranial cavity, consists of how many bones

Answer 42

8

Question 42

The skull has how many bones?

Answer 42

22

Question 43

The bony structure of the face has

Answer 43

14 facial bones

Question 44

Anterior part of cranium

Answer 44

Frontal bone

Question 45

Posterior portion and floor of cranium

Answer 45

Occipital bones

Question 46

Sides and roof of cranium

Answer 46

Parietal bones

Question 47

* Inferior to parietal bones on each side of the cranium * Temporomandibular joint

Answer 47

Sphenoid bone

Question 48

* Anterior portion of cranium, including medial surface of eye orbit and roof of nasal cavity * Nasal conchae

Answer 48

Ethmoid bone

Question 49

Form upper jaw, anterior portion of hard palate, part of lateral walls of nasal cavity, floors of eye orbits

Answer 49

Maxillae

Question 50

Form posterior portion of hard palate, lateral wall of nasal cavity

Answer 50

Palatine bones

Question 51

* Cheek bones * Also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit

Answer 51

Zygomatic bones

Question 51

Medial surfaces of eye orbits

Answer 51

Lacrimal bones

Question 52

Form bridge of nose

Answer 52

Nasal bones

Question 53

* In midline of nasal cavity * Forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone

Answer 53

Vomer

Question 54

Attached to lateral walls of nasal cavity

Answer 54

Inferior nasal conchae

Question 55

* Lower jawbone * Only movable skull bone

Answer 55

Mandible

Question 56

Several of the bones associated with the nasal cavity have large cavities within them, called the paranasal sinuses which open into the nasal cavity.

Answer 56

Paranasal Sinuses

Question 57

The paranasal sinuses are

Answer 57

* Frontal * Ethmoid * Sphenoid * Maxillary

Question 58

is an unpaired, U-shaped bone that is not part of the skull and has no direct bony attachment to the skull or any other bones. -provides an attachment for some tongue muscles, -has the unique distinction of being the only bone in the body that does not articulate with another bone.

Answer 58

Hyoid Bone

Question 59

spine, is the central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of the pelvis.

Answer 59

Vertebral Column

Question 60

In adults, it usually consists of ___ individual bones, grouped into five regions.

Answer 60

26

Question 60

The adult vertebral column has four major curvatures:

Answer 60

cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacrococcygeal

Question 61

can be classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, according to the major connective tissue type that binds the bones together and whether a fluid-filled joint capsule is present.

Answer 61

Joints

Question 62

* united by means of cartilage * subclasses are synchondroses and symphysis

Answer 62

Cartilaginous

Question 62

* joined by a fluid cavity * Most joints of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 62

Synovial

Question 63

* non-movable joint * Example – skull bone articulations

Answer 63

Synarthrosis

Question 64

* slightly movable joint * Example - between vertebrae

Answer 64

Amphiarthrosis

Question 65

* freely movable joint * Example - knee, elbow, and wrist articulations

Answer 65

Diarthrosis: