Skeletal System

Question 1

What are the Four Components of Skeletal System?

Answer 1

Bones, Cartilage, Tendons, and Ligaments

Question 2

Bones are organs composed of:

Answer 2

Nerve Tissue (found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves) & 
Vascular Tissue (found in O2, D&m, Osteogenesis or Ossification

Question 3

5 Functions of Bones?

Answer 3

Support, Protection, Movement, Storage, and Blood Cell Production

Question 4

Chodroblast produce what?

Answer 4

It produce cartilage and become chondrocytes

Question 5

Where is Chondrocytes located?

Answer 5

It is located in lacunae surrounded by matrix

Question 6

The perichondrium surrounds the?

Answer 6

Cartilage

Question 7

The outer and inner layer of perichondrium contains?

Answer 7

The outer layer contains fibroblasts

The inner layer contains chondroblasts

Question 8

Cartilage grows by?

Answer 8

Appositional and interstitial growth

Question 9

Bone Matrix are composed of?

Answer 9

Approximately 35% organic and 65% inorganic material

Question 10

Organic Material of Bone Matrix contains?

Answer 10

• Collagen provides flexible strength

- Proteoglycans

Question 11

What is Proteoglycans for?

Answer 11

it provides hydration and swelling pressure to the tissue enabling it to withstand compressional forces.

Question 12

Inorganic Material of Bone Matrix contains?

Answer 12

Hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate crystal) which provides

weight-bearing strength

Question 13

Osteoblasts do?

Answer 13

(Build), Produce bone matrix and become osteocytes

Question 14

Osteoclast do?

Answer 14

(Destroy), Break down bone

Question 15

Osteoblasts originate from?

Answer 15

Osteochondral progenitor cells (that helps to mature osteoblasts and chondrocytes)

Question 16

Osteoclasts originate from?

Answer 16

Stem cells in red bone marrow

Question 17

Woven Bone?

Answer 17

Has collagen fibers oriented in many
different directions

It is remodeled to form lamellar bone

Question 18

Lamellar Bone?

Answer 18

Are mature bone

Arranged in thin layers called lamellae
Has collagen fibers oriented parallel to
one another

Question 19

Classification of Bones according to the amount of bone matrix relative to
the amount of space present within the bone, which are?

Answer 19

• Cancellous bone that has many spaces

Internal layer which is a honeycomb of trabeculae filled with red or yellow
bone marrow

• Compact bone is dense with few spaces

External layer
Osteon is the main functioning unit

Question 20

4 Classification of Bones according to their shape:

Answer 20

• Long Bones
• Short Bones
• Flat Bones
• Irregular Bones

Question 21

What is Long bones?

Answer 21

Most bones of the upper and lower limbs (Ulna, Femur, Radius)

Question 22

What is Short bones?

Answer 22

Bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals), (Talus, Carpal bones)

Question 23

What is Flat bones?

Answer 23

Certain bones of the skull, all the ribs, the breastbone

sternum), and the shoulder blades (scapulae

Question 24

What is Irregular bones?

Answer 24

Do not fit into the other three categories, They are the vertebrae, pelvic girdle and facial bones (Sphenoid Bone)

Question 25

Epiphyses

Answer 25

Known as the "head" | Expanded ends of long bones

Question 26

Epiphyseal line

Answer 26

separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses

Question 27

Epiphyseal plate is

Answer 27

the site of bone growth in length

Question 28

Epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal line

Answer 28

when all of its cartilage is replaced with bone

Question 29

When do bone development begins?

Answer 29

at week 8 of embryo development

Question 30

Intramembranous ossification is

Answer 30

bone develops from a fibrous membrane (Some skull bones, part of the mandible, and the diaphyses of the clavicles)

Question 31

Endochondral ossification is

Answer 31

the formation of bones by replacing hyaline cartilage

Question 32

Bone increase in size where?

Answer 32

only by appositional growth

Question 33

Trabeculae grow by

Answer 33

appositional growth

Question 34

3 Factors Affecting Bone Growth:

Answer 34

- Genetic factors determine bone shape and size - Deficiencies in vitamin D - Hormones

Question 35

What causes the closure of ephiphyseal plate?

Answer 35

Estrogen and testosterone

Question 36

Bone Fracture are Classified by?:

Answer 36

- The position of the bone ends after fracture - The completeness of the break - The orientation of the bone to the long axis - Whether or not the bone ends penetrate the skin

Question 37

Bone Repair

Answer 37

- Hematoma Formation - Callus Formation - Callus Ossification - Bone Remodeling

Question 38

Where is the Major Site for Calcium?

Answer 38

Bone

Question 39

2 hormones regulate Ca2+ levels in the blood:

Answer 39

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcitonin

Question 40

The Major Regulator of Blood Calcium

Answer 40

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Question 41

Calcium Homeostasis

Answer 41

- Bone is the major storage site for calcium (Ca2+) - Two hormones regulate Ca2+ levels in the blood: - Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and calcitonin - PTH is the major regulator of blood Ca2+ - Osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood - Ca2+ absorption from the small intestines - Reabsorption of Ca2+ from the urine

Question 42

How does Blood Release Calcitonin?

Answer 42

- Rising blood Ca2+ levels trigger the thyroid to release calcitonin - Stimulates calcium salt deposition in bone by decreasing osteoclast activity

Question 43

Skeleton is divided into:

Answer 43

axial (80) and appendicular (126) skeletons

Question 44

The axial skeleton forms the upright axis of the body | Consists of:

Answer 44

- Skull - Auditory ossicles - Hyoid bone - Vertebral column - Thoracic cage (rib cage)

Question 45

Axial skeleton protects

Answer 45

the brain, the spinal cord, and the vital organs | housed within the thorax

Question 46

The 14 facial bones are

Answer 46

``` the maxilla (2), zygomatic (2), palatine (2), lacrimal (2), nasal (2), inferior nasal concha (2), mandible (1), and vomer (1) bones ```

Question 47

Nuchal lines are

Answer 47

the points of attachment for neck muscles

Question 48

External acoustic meatus

Answer 48

transmits sound waves toward the eardrum

Question 49

Neck muscles attach to the mastoid process, which contains

Answer 49

mastoid air cells

Question 50

The temporal lines are attachment points

Answer 50

of the temporalis muscle

Question 51

The zygomatic arch, from the temporal and zygomatic bones forms

Answer 51

bridge | across the side of the skull

Question 52

The mandible articulates with

Answer 52

the temporal bone

Question 53

The nasal cavity is divided

Answer 53

by the nasal septum

Question 54

Sinuses within bone are

Answer 54

air-filled cavities

Question 55

The paranasal sinuses, which connect to the nasal cavity, are the:

Answer 55

- Frontal sinus - Sphenoidal sinus - Maxillary sinuses - Ethmoidal labyrinth

Question 56

Spinal cord and brain are connected through

Answer 56

the foramen magnum

Question 57

Blood reaches the brain through

Answer 57

the internal carotid arteries, which pass through the carotid canals, and the vertebral arteries, which pass through the foramen magnum

Question 58

Styloid processes provide

Answer 58

attachment points for three muscles involved | in movement of the tongue, hyoid bone, and pharynx

Question 59

The hard palate separates

Answer 59

the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

Question 60

The atlas is

Answer 60

the first cervical vertebra and it holds up the head

Question 61

Twelve pairs of ribs attach to the thoracic vertebrae:

Answer 61

- TRUE 1-7 - FALSE 8-12 - FLOATING 11-12

Question 62

The sternum is composed of the

Answer 62

- Manubrium - Body - Xiphoid process