Skeletal System Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
- What are the two supportive tissues in the skeletal system? What specific type of tissue are they?
A
connective tissue!!!!!
* osseus tissue (bone tissue)- MAKES UP MOST OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
* cartilage- a connective tissue made of chondrocytes that make fibers + glycoproteins aka ground substances
* Note: fetus begins as cartilage and ossifies into bone tissue.
2
Q
What type of tissue is osseus tissue?
A
- dynamic tissue that is constantly being made and broken down based on need
resorption of bone to bring Ca into blood or mineralization of bone to deposit Ca onto bone
3
Q
What are the 2 types of osseus tissue
A
- compact bone
- spongy bone
4
Q
Where is osseus tissue found?
A
- in all types of bones (flat, short, long, irregular, etc)
5
Q
- What are the different types of cartilage?
- Where are these cartilage found?
- Describe each type of cartilage
A
- elastic- ear and epiglottis (EXTREMELY flexible)
- fibrocartilagenous - interverbetral discs, meniscus (ie. knee, jaw), pubic symphysis (thic layer of collagen so is great for shock absorption, withstanding compression and tension
- hyaline- MC (nasal, ribs-costal cartilage connecting ribs to sternum, articular at the ends of bones involved in joints, tracheal cartilage rings to keep trachea open, laryngeal special tracheal cartilages)
epiglottis- covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent choking
6
Q
- What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?
- Where is this found in general?
- Where is this found specifically (3)
A
- hyaline cartilage
- at the ends of bones involved in a joint to prevent grinding and to reduce friction
- between vertebrae, knee joint, pubic symphysis
7
Q
What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?
A
- appendicular- appendages/ limbs, clavicle and scapula, pelvis
- axial- skull (cranium and facial); thoracic cage (sternum and ribs), vertebral column, sacrum, coccyx
8
Q
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
A
- protection- ie. skull protects the brain; thoracic cage protects the lungs and the heart.
- movement (when skeletal muscles move, they are moving the attached bone along with it; there is a contracting muscle aka prime mover and relaxing muscle aka antagonist with each motion) (when a joint is moved, again, a pair of muscles are involved)
- hematopoiesis in the red marrow (making RBC, WBC-immune cells, and platelets)
- lipid storage in yellow marrow
- Ca and phosphate storage
9
Q
What are the different types of bones (give description and function)
A
- long- ends are spongy and air filed (have red marrow) in adults; shaft has yellow marrow in adults; for leverage
- flat- thin and curved; attachment point for muscles and protects internal organs
- short- wider than they are long, same length and width (like a square); for stability and support
- irregular- nonsymmetrical complex shape; protects internal organs
- sesamoid- special type of short bone within tendons; protects tendons from compressive bone.
10
Q
What are the hollow and nonhollow bones, respectively, that contain some type of marrow (really talking about adults)? (name the type of marrow)
A
- hollow: long bone [red marrow at ends of the long bone in the spongy bone & yellow marrow in shaft’s medullary cavity]
- non-hollow: flat bone (and short and irregular bone) [red marrow]
11
Q
Give examples of the different types of bones (long, flat, etc)
A
- long- humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula, femur, phalanges, metacarpals, metatarsals, clavicle
- flat- thoracic cage (ribs and sterum), skull (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital), scapula
- short- carpals (wrist bones), tarsals (ankle bones)
- irregular- vertebrae (spine), facial bones, sacrum, coccyx, pelvis (hip bones- ilium, ischium, pubis)
- sesamoid- patella (knee bone)
12
Q
Label bones
A
in ipad
13
Q
The spongy bone houses what?
A
red bone marrow that is invovled in hematopoiesis
EPO from the kidney’s stimulate erythropoiesis
14
Q
What stimulates erythropoiesis?
A
EPO from the kidney’s
kidney releases EPO when there is low blood volume or low blood O2.
15
Q
Compact bone
A
- aka lamellar bone
- is solid, homogenous, dense (dense tall columns of osteons)
- external part
16
Q
Spongy bone
A
- aka trabeculae and open space/airy that houses red bone marrow
- internal to compact bone
- at the ends of long bone and inside flat or short or irregular bones
17
Q
What does hematopoiesis do?
A
- make blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets)
in red bone marrow
18
Q
What are the 3 parts of long bone?
A
- epiphysis (proximal and distal), diaphysis (shaft), and metaphysis
19
Q
Where is the spongy bone and compact bone in long bone?
A
- spongy are at at ends of long bone
- compact are all around the outside of the long bone
20
Q
Contrast and epiphyseal line and epiphyseal plate.
* What is another name for this ephiphyseal plate?
A
- epiphyseal line is indicative that person is an adult
- epiphyseal growth plate is present only in babies and children when the long bones are still growing
growth plate
21
Q
long bone
What are the two membranes found in long bone? (describe where they are and what they contain)
A
- periosteum (2 layers)- fibrous sheath that covers bone; 1st layer contains nerves and blood vessels and the 2nd layer contains osteoprogenitor/ osteogenic cells (bone stem cells)
- endosteum- lines inside of bone (contains osteoprogenitor/ osteogenic cells)
22
Q
How does the epiphyseal line in long bone come about?
A
epiphyseal growth plate ossifies with lamellar bone to become an epiphyseal line in adults
23
Q
What type of bone has an epiphyseal growth plate?
A
long bone (ends of it), the ones that are still growing
24
Q
What type of cartilage is the growth plate made of?
A
- hyaline
25
What is the epiphyseal plate?
where length is added to long bone with GH stimulation when one is still growing
| located at ends of a growing long bone
26
Where is Ca stored?
in compact bone
27
What is in the medullary cavity (compare child to adult)
* child (7-10 yrs old): red marrow
* adult : **yellow marrow**
28
Where is fat stored in bone?
* yellow marrow of long bone
| yellow marrow is in medullary cavity
29
In general, what are the two parts of compact bone?
* osteocytes residing in lacunae pits and connected to each other by canaliculi
* concentric **bone matrix** (lamellae) with **Ca salts and collagen fibers**
| both of these make up the osteon, the structural unit, of compact bone
30
* What are the **horizontal canals** running through compact bone?
* What is another name for it?
* What is its function?
* perforating canals
* aka Volkmann canal
* allows blood vessels and nerves to get into and out of the bone marrow; inside bones = transmits blood vessels and communicates between Haversian canals.
31
* What are the **vertical canals** inside compact bone?
* What is another name for it?
* What is it's function?
* Where are they located?
* central canals
* Haversian canal
* contains nerves and blood vessels to supply to osteocytes within osteon as well as neighboring osteons
* **center** of each osteon
32
What are the **structural units** of the compact bone?
* the osteon (cylindrical)
33
What are the parts of the osteon?
* osteocytes
* concentrix matrix of lamellae (of Ca salts, mainly calcium phosphate hydroxyapatites, embedded in collagen fibers)
34
What houses osteocytes?
lacunae in the osteon
35
What **connects multiple osteocytes** together and brings periosteal arteries nutrients from the central canal to each osteocyte?
canaliculi
36
Canaliculi
**connects multiple osteocytes** together and brings periosteal arteries nutrients from the central canal to each osteocyte
37
What are the **mature bone cells** called?
osteocytes
| they come from osteoBLASTS
38
OsteoBLASTS can turn into
* osteocytes (after BLASTS are done forming the bone matrix)
* osteoclasts (if BLASTS are stimualted by PTH) with purpose to increase blood Ca
39
OsteoBLAST function
* "**B**uild" bone
* forms bone matrix aka mineralization (aka forms osteons)
| develops from osteoprogenitor/ osteogenic stem cells
40
Osteoclast function
* "**C**atastrophe" "**C**hew" up bone
* resorbs bone aka breaks down bone matrix with HCl and enzymes
| estrogen and weight bearing activity inhibit its function
41
PTH stimulates [______] with purpose to increase blood Ca.
osteoblasts, which stimulates osteoclasts to differentiate from monocyte pre-cursor cells
42
How are osteoblasts formed?
osteoprogenitor/ osteogenic cells (stem cells) in the periosteum (2nd layer) or endosteum that go through mitosis
43
Osteoblasts are [___] nucleate while Osteoclasts are [____]nucleate
* **mono**
* **multi**
44
Osteocyte function
monitor and maintain bone matrix
| struck in place in lacunae of osteon
45
Where is red marrow found in children?
**ALL** types of bone contain red marrow (even the **medullary cavity** of the long bones)
| really no yellow marrow
46
Where does blood cell production occur?
red bone marrow (housed in spongy bone)
| through hematopoiesis
47
Where is red marrow found in adults (aka past 7 years old)?
* general answer: mainly axial skeleton
* more specific answer: spongy bone at the **ENDs of long bone** (epiphysis) and spongy bone found *inside* flat bones, irregular bones (ie, vertebrae), and short bones.
| shaft's **medullary cavity** now contains **yellow** marrow
48
What are the organic and inorganic parts of the bone matrix?
* **organic**: **collagen fibers** + (ground substances)
* **inorganic**: **calcium phosphates** (Ca -mineral- salts aka hydroxyapatites) [ 60% of bone matrix]
49
Collagen fibers are the primary structural protein of what?
connective tissue
50
Cartilage is a type of what?
connective tissue
51
What is the purpose of **collagen** fibers in the bone matrix
* **RESILIENCE** --> it makes the bone more **flexible**
| organic component
52
What is the purpose of **Calcium salts** in the bone matrix?
* **HARDNESS** --> responsible for **strength** of bone
* also part of the **mineral storage** that controls bone mass density where Ca can be deposited or withdrawn
| inorganic component
53
* What are the (3) different type of joints?
* What are they connected by?
* fibrous- connected by dense connective tissue = tough
* cartilaginous- connected by cartilage
* synovial- has a joint cavity
54
* What is the immobile and **freely moveable** joint?
* Where are these joints found?
* immobile: fibrous- b/w cranial sutures, b/w the ulna and radius, b/w the teeth and gums
* freely moveable: synovial- at the knees, wrists, ankles, shoulder (humerus and scapula), hip, and neck
55
What are the **hinge joints** in the body?
knee, elbow, and ankle
| synovial joint as well
56
What are the **ball and socket joints** of the body?
* shoulder and hip
57
What is the **pivot joint** of the body?
neck (atlantoaxial joint- b/w C1 and C2)
58
What is the function of the synovial membrane?
secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint to **minimize friction**
59
Label the parts of the synovial knee joint
in ipad
60
What is the only bone that does not form a joint?
hyoid bone in the neck
| it is just attached to tendons and muscles in the neck
61
**Contrast** tendons and ligaments
* tendons: connect bone and muscle
* ligaments: connect bone to bones
62
Compare tendons and ligaments
* BOTH are made of tough **connective tissue**
63
Brittle Bone Dz
* another name?
* pathogenesis?
* result?
* due to lack of **collagen** in bone matrix
* fragile, crispy, easily breakable bone.
| osteogenesis imperfecta
64
Osteoporosis
* pathogenesis?
* result?
* loss of bone **inorganic mineral salts** (**Calcium**) through demineralization like from osteoclasts working faster than osteoblasts or from long time immobilization of bone; lack of vitamin D, which is REQUIRED for Ca absorption in the body or aging
* loss of bone mineral density/ bone mass --> weak bones
65
Osteopenia
* what is it?
* what can it turn into?
* not enough bone
* if it gets bad enough can lead to osteoporosis
66
Ricketts Dz
issue with calcium in **childhood** lack of Ca diet or Vit D leading to decrease in bone mineral density/ bone mass (soft bones)
67
Osteoarthritis
* another name?
* patho?
* degenerative joint disease
* degeneration of articular cartilage from trauma or overuse
| articular cartilage normally reduces friction b/w bones
68
Rheumatoid arthritis
* patho
* result
* autoimmune dz (ie. antibodies against some earlier infection in life or gluten start to attack own cells)
* bodys WBCs are attacking own **synovial membrane** of **joint**
* joint inflammation and pain from inflammed synovial membrane, worn down articular cartilage, decreased joint space --> inflammation can cause bone erosion and joint deformity
69
Fracture healing steps
1. hematoma forms- huge clot to stop further blood loss
2. soft callus- periosteum is activated to make chondroblasts (to make temporary cartilage) and to make osteoblasts (to make woven bone)
3. hard callus- woven bone is replaced with spongy bone [ this is the time when the cast can be removed but bone is still NOT fully healed]
4. healed fracture - spongy bone replaced with compact bone (lamellar) [3-4 years from fracture]
70
What is another name for lamellar bone?
What is another name for trabecular bone?
* compact bone
* spongy bone
71
For bone that is growing in length, the region closest to the epiphyseal end of the plate is called the:
reserve zone
72
What type of connective tissue makes up most of the skeletal system?
osseus tissue (compact and spongy bone) as compared to cartilage
