Skeletal System

Question 1

What are the 3 primary functions of the skeleton?

Answer 1

1. Hematopoiesis
2. Protection
3. Support

Question 2

Explain how the 3 primary functions of the skeleton works.

Answer 2

Hematopoiesis - production of red blood cells
Protection - provides a barrier of protection from external forces
Support - provides solid axis for muscles to act against, creating motion

Question 3

Name the 5 different bone types.

Answer 3

1. Flat Bone
2. Irregular Bone
3. Long Bone
4. Short Bone
5. Sesamoid Bone

Question 4

What is an example of a flat bone?

Answer 4

The skull.

Question 5

What is an example of an irregular bone?

Answer 5

The vertebrae.

Question 6

What is an example of a long bone?

Answer 6

The femur.

Question 7

What is an example of a short bone?

Answer 7

The tarsus(ankle).

Question 8

What is an example of a sesamoid bone?

Answer 8

The patella.

Question 9

What are the layers of the bone?

Answer 9

Compact, spongy, and medullary.

Question 10

What is the compact layer in the bone?

Answer 10

Tightly packed tissues on the walls of diaphysis.

Question 11

What is the spongy layer in the bone?

Answer 11

Thin layers of compact bones in the epiphysis.

Question 12

What is the medullary layer in the bone?

Answer 12

A tube with a hollow chamber containing bone marrow.

Question 13

Where is the diaphysis and epiphysis on the long bone?

Answer 13

Epiphysis - end of long bones (the knobs)
Diaphysis - middle section of the bone

Question 14

What is the periosteum?

Answer 14

A membrane of blood vessels/nerves that wrap around the bones, providing blood and a sense of feeling.

Question 15

What are 3 attributes of the short bone?

Answer 15

Provides strength, compactness, and limited movement where desired.

Question 16

Where are 2 short bone located in the body?

Answer 16

Tarsus(ankle) & Carpus(wrist)

Question 17

Name 2 flat bones in the body.

Answer 17

Skull & Scapula

Question 18

Why are our rib cages not a continuous flat bone? (2 reasons)

Answer 18

1. Between our ribs are muscles (diaphragm) that help us breathe.
2. Would limit movement

Question 19

Fetal skeletons begin mostly as ________ and they ________ into utero.

Answer 19

Cartilage & Calcify

Question 20

What are fontanels? Why are they there? How do they go away?

Answer 20

Soft spots that appear at birth because their skulls are not fully developed/merged. When older, soft spots will disappear as skull merges together to become one.

Question 21

Name the 3 types of force/stress that our bones are strong enough to withstand.

Answer 21

1. Tensile
2. Compressional
3. Torsional

Question 22

Give an example of tensile force.

Answer 22

Hanging from a pullup bar, gravity pulls down causing tension in spine.

Question 23

Give an example of compressional force.

Answer 23

Running, force exerted on the shoe by the foot.

Question 24

Give an example of torsional force.

Answer 24

Turning body side to side, spine is twisting.

Question 25

What are 3 factors contributing to bone growth?

Answer 25

1. Nutrition 2. Physical Exercise 3. Sunlight

Question 26

How does nutrition contribute to bone growth? Give an example.

Answer 26

Allows osteoblasts (formation of bones) to take place. Example: Calcium Consumption of calcium allows osteoblast to take place and without it, osteoclasts (breaking down of bone) would occur.

Question 27

How does physical exercise contribute to bone growth? Give an example.

Answer 27

Increases bone density/strength. Example: Jump Roping/Running

Question 28

How does sunlight contribute to bone growth? Give an example.

Answer 28

Provides a specific nutrients that allows osteoblast to occur. Example: Vitamin D Helps body absorb calcium.

Question 29

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 29

Cells that form bones.

Question 30

What are osteoclasts?

Answer 30

Cells that break down/destroy bones.

Question 31

What are 2 differences between a simple fracture and a compound fracture?

Answer 31

Simple Fracture - does not protrude & not prone to infections Compound Fracture - does protrudes & prone to infections

Question 32

What is hematoma?

Answer 32

The rupture of blood vessels.

Question 33

What are the 2 divisions of the skeleton called?

Answer 33

Axial & Appendicular

Question 34

What 3 components is the axial skeleton composed of?

Answer 34

1. Skull 2. Spinal Column 3. Rib Cage

Question 35

What is the main purpose of the axial skeleton?

Answer 35

To support and protect vital organs.

Question 36

What are 3 bones found in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 36

The femur, clavicle, and pelvis.

Question 37

What is the foramen magnum and what is its evolutionary process?

Answer 37

A large hole allowing the spinal cord to meet the brain.

Question 38

The spinal column is composed of the ________ and ________ which surround and protect our ________ _________.

Answer 38

Vertebrae, Discs, and Spinal Cord.

Question 39

The discs between our vertebrae serve as shock absorbers, they can become ________ which would result in a bone-on-bone contact. They can also become bulged, or _________, where they protrude and put pressure on nerve roots.

Answer 39

Dry & Herniated(slipped)

Question 40

We have 12 pairs of ribs. The first 7 pairs are known as ________ ribs because they attach directly to the ________. The last 5 pairs are known as ________ ribs because there is indirect attachment to the sternum. The last 2 ribs are unique because they are ________ and have no sternal attachment.

Answer 40

True, sternum, false, and floating.

Question 41

Our ribs connect to our thoracic vertebrae on the posterior/anterior end and most of them connect on the posterior/anterior end at the sternum.

Answer 41

Posterior & Anterior

Question 42

The spinal column has 4 main divisions. What are they in order from superior to inferior end?

Answer 42

Cervical Vertebrae, Thoracic Vertebrae, Lumbar Vertebrae, and Pelvic.

Question 43

The spinal column attaches to the ________ at the superior end and the ________ at the inferior end.

Answer 43

Brain & Pelvis

Question 44

The coccyx is formed from the _______ of 3 vertebrae.

Answer 44

Fusion

Question 45

Our tailbone is ________. Meaning it is a remnant from our evolutionary past, indicative of our primate lineage but not longer serves a functional purpose.

Answer 45

Vestigial

Question 46

Our spine has a natural curvature to it. This natural curvature can become altered. Scoliosis is when the spine exhibits ________ curvature. Lordosis exhibits ________ curvature, and Kyphosis exhibits ________ curvature. (Anatomical Terms)

Answer 46

Lateral, Lumbar, and apex towards posterior.