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Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of skeletal system

A

bones of skeleton
cartilage
ligaments
other CT

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2
Q

Bones

A

primary organs of skeletal system and rigid framework (support); composed of cells and extra cellular matrix

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3
Q

Compact Bone (dense or cortical bone)

A

relatively dense CT; appears white, smooth, and solid; 80% of bone mass

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4
Q

Spongy Bone (cancellous/trabecular bone)

A

located internal to compact bone; appears porous; 20% of bone mass

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5
Q

Cartilage

A

semirigid CT; more flexible

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6
Q

Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

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7
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

attaches ribs to sternum (costal cartilage)
covers ends of some bones(articular cartilage)
provides model for formation of most bones in body

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8
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

weight bearing cartilage that withstands compression; located in intervertebral discs, public symphysis, and pads of knees

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9
Q

Ligaments

A

anchors bone to bone

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10
Q

Tendon

A

connect muscle to bone

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11
Q

General Functions

A

support and protection
movement
hemopoiesis
storage of mineral and energy reserves

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12
Q

Support and protection of bones

A

provides structural support, the framework for the body; protects delicate tissues
ex: rib cage - heart and my lungs
cranial bones - brain

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13
Q

Movement of bones

A

serves as attachment sites for skeletal muscles; system of levers: muscle contraction exerting a pull on the skeleton

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14
Q

Henopoiesis

A

blood cell production occurring in red bone marrow, stem cells form blood cells and platelets

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15
Q

Storage of mineral and energy reserves of bones

A

calcium for muscle contraction, blood clotting, and nerve impulse transmission

phosphate for ATP utilization and plasma membrane

lipids are stored in yellow bone marrow (adult)

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16
Q

Regions of long bone

A

Diaphysis
medullary cavity
epilhysis
metaphysics
epiphyseal plate

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17
Q

Diaphysis

A

elongated, provides leverage and weight support, compact bone with thin spicules of spongy bone extending inward

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18
Q

Medullary Cavity

A

hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis, contains yellow bone marrow in adults and red bone marrow in children

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19
Q

Epiphysis

A

knobby region on each end of long bone; composed of outer thin layer of compact bone and inner region of spongy bone; proximal and distal epiphysis

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20
Q

Proximal Epiphysis

A

end of bone closest to body trunk

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21
Q

Distal Epiphysis

A

end farthest from trunk

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22
Q

Articular Cartilage (hyaline)

A

covers joint surface, made of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction and absorbs shock

23
Q

Metaphysis

A

region of mature bone between diaphysis and epiphysis

24
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

growth plate, thin layer of hyaline cartilage, provides lengthwise bone growth
in adults the epiphyseal line is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate

25
Red Bone Marrow (myeloid tissue)
hemopoietic, reticular CT, immature blood cells, and fat In children: located in spongy bone and medullary cavity of long bones In adults: located in axial skeletal, skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ossa coxae, and proximal parts of humerus and femur
26
Yellow Bone Marrow
product of red bone marrow degeneration as children mature, fatty substance
27
Four types of cells in bone CT
Osteoprogenitor cells osteoblasts osteocytes osteoclasts
28
Osteoprogenitor Cells
located in periosteum and endosteum, least mature cell, from mesenchyme, matures to become an osteoblast
29
Osteoblasts
synthesize and secrets osteoid; initial semisolid organic form of bone matrix osteoid later calcifies
30
Osteocytes
mature bone cells, lost bone forming ability, maintain bone matrix, detects mechanical stress, and triggers deposition for new bone matrix
31
Osteoclasts
large, multinuclear, phagocytes cells; derived from fused bone marrow cells; involved in bone resorption
32
Bone Formation
begins with secretion of osteoid; requires: vitamin D(enhances calcium), vitamin C(required for collagen), Calcium and phosphate for calcification
33
Bone resorption
breakdown of bone matrix from substances from osteoclasts; calcium and phosphate dissolved by hydrochloric acid
34
Osteons
small cylindrical structures (haversian structures); looks like bullseye
35
Central Canal
cylindrical channel at center of osteon and parallel to it, blood vessels and nerves through channel
36
Concentric Lamellae
rings of bone CT, surround central canal
37
Lacunae
found in call spaces between concentric lamellae
38
Canaliculi
Ttiny, interconnecting channels, extend from lacuna travel through lamellae and connect to lacunae and central canal; exchange of nutrients and minerals
39
Ossification (osteogenesis)
formation and development of bone CT
40
Intramembranous Ossification
bone growth within a membrane; produces flat bones of skull, mandible, some facial bones, central part of clavicle
41
Endochondral ossification
produces most bones in the skeleton, begins with a hyaline cartilage; upper and lower limbs, pelvis, vertebrae, and end of clavicle; such as long bone
42
Interstitial growth
increase in length, development upon cartilage growth in epiphyseal plate; occurs specifically in zone 2 and 3
43
Zones of epiphyseal plate
1. zone of resting cartilage 2. zone of proliferating cartilage 3. zone of hypertonic cartilage 4. zone of calcified cartilage 5. zone of ossification
44
Epiphyseal line
remnant is an internal thin line of compact bone
45
Bone remodeling
influenced by mechanical stress and hormones; 20% of skeletons replaced yearly
46
mechanical stress
more mechanical stress, increase bone density, stimulate bone production less mechanical stress, decrease in bone mass, reduced collagen; demineralization
47
Growth Hormone (somatotropin)
produced by anterior pituitary gland; stimulates liver to produce somatomedin (insulin-like growth factor, IGF); stimulate growth if cartilage in epiphyseal plate
48
Thyroid Hormone
decreased by thyroid gland, influences basal metabolic rate of bone cells; regulates normal activity at epiphyseal plates
49
Sex Hormones
estrogen and testosterone; dramatically accelerates bone growth
50
Calcium is required for…
initiation of muscle contraction exocytosis blood clotting stimulation of the heart
51
Calcitriol and Parathyroid hormone
hormones that regulate blood calcium
52
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
secreted and relseaded by parathyroid glands in response you reduced blood calcium levels, accelerates conversion to calcitriol by kidney
53
Calcitonin
aids in regulating blood calcium levels; released from the thyroid gland in response to high blood calcium levels; inhibits osteoclast activity, stimulates kidneys to increase loss of calcium in urine

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