Skeletal System Flashcards
(167 cards)
1
Q
What are the two subdivisions of the skeleton?
A
Axial and Appendicular skeleton
2
Q
What are the main components of the skeletal system?
A
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments
3
Q
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
A
Support the body
Protect soft organs
Store minerals and fats
Blood cell formation
4
Q
What is hematopoiesis?
A
Blood cell formation
5
Q
The adult skeleton has how many bones?
A
206
6
Q
What are the two basic types of bone tissue?
A
Compact bone (dense, smooth) and spongy/cancellous bone(many holes, needle-like)
7
Q
What are the 4 classifications of bones according to shape?
A
Long bone
Short bone
Flat bone
Irregular bone
8
Q
This type of bones are typically longer than they are wide.
A
Long bone
9
Q
True or False: All the bones of the limbs are long bones.
A
FALSE. The wrist, ankle, and kneecap bones are not long bones.
10
Q
True or False: Long bones primarily contain spongy bone.
A
FALSE. They contain mostly compact bone.
11
Q
This type of bone are typically cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy bone.
A
Short bone
12
Q
If the wrist and ankle are not long bones, what type of bone are they?
A
Short bone
13
Q
What type or bone is the patella (kneecap)?
A
Sesamoid
14
Q
What special type of short bone forms within tendons?
A
Sesamoid
15
Q
True or False: The femus and humerus are both examples of long bones.
A
TRUE
16
Q
True or False: Examples of flat bone are the carpal and tarsal bones.
A
FALSE. They are examples of short bones.
17
Q
This type of bone is thin, flattened, and usually curved.
A
Flat bone
18
Q
True or False: Flat bones consist of two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of spongy bone.
A
TRUE
19
Q
This type of bone do not fit into other bone classification categories.
A
Irregular bone
20
Q
True or False: Bones are organs.
A
TRUE
21
Q
What are the two main parts of the long bone?
A
Diaphysis and epiphysis
22
Q
It is the shaft of the long bone that makes up most of the bone’s length.
A
Diaphysis
23
Q
It is the ends of the long bone.
A
Epiphysis
24
Q
What is the outside covering of the diaphysis called?
A
Periosteum
25
What fibers secure periosteum to underlying bone?
Sharpey's fibers
26
True or False: The epiphysis is composed mostly of compact bone enclosed by thin
layer of spongy bone.
FALSE. It is composed mostly of spongy bone enclosed by thin
layer of compact bone.
27
What covers the external surface of the epiphyses?
Articular cartilage
28
What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
29
What is the purpose of articular cartilage?
To decrease friction at joint surfaces
30
It is a flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone that causes the lengthwise growth of a long bone.
Epiphysial plate
31
The remnant of the epiphyseal plate that is seen in adult bones.
Epiphysial line
32
It is the cavity inside the shaft of a long bone.
Marrow/medullary cavity
33
What does the medullary cavity contain?
Red and yellow bone marrow
34
What are red and yellow bone marrow for?
Red blood marrow - hematopoiesis
Yellow bone marrow - fat
35
True or False: In adults, red marrow is situated in cavities of
spongy bone and epiphyses of some long bones.
TRUE
36
Bone cells are known as...?
Osteocytes
37
Osteocytes are situated within cavities known as...?
Lucanae
38
Lacunae are arranged in concentric rings called...?
Lamellae
39
Where canal are the lamellae situated around?
Haversian canal
40
It is the opening in the center of an osteon that runs lengthwise through bone and carries blood vessels and nerves.
Haversian canal
41
It is a unit of bone containing central canal and matrix
rings
Osteon
42
These are tiny canals that radiate from the central canal to lacunae and form a transport system connecting all bone cells
to a nutrient supply.
Canaliculi
43
It is a canal perpendicular to the central canal that carries blood vessels and nerves.
Perforating (Volkmann's) canal
44
What makes bone flexible?
Organic parts
45
What makes bone hard?
Calcium salts
46
It is the process of bone formation.
Ossification
47
What type of cartilage typically undergoes ossification?
Hyaline cartilage
48
What are the two major phases of ossification in long bones?
Bone formation & bone digestion
49
They are also known as bone forming cells.
Osteoblasts
50
True or False: By birth, most cartilage is converted to bone.
TRUE
51
What are the two regions in a long bone that are not converted into bone?
Articular cartilages
Epiphyseal plates
52
What is appositional growth?
Growth in diameter
53
What hormones control bone growth?
Growth hormone (somatotropin)
54
At what stage of life is the epiphysial plate converted to bone?
Adolescence
55
Bones are remodeled throughout life because of what 2 factors?
Blood calcium levels and pull of gravity and muscles
56
What hormone is released when blood calcium levels are low?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
57
What cells are activated by the parathyroid hormone?
Osteoclasts
58
True or False: Osteoclasts are known as bone forming cells.
FALSE. They are bone-destroying cells.
59
High blood calcium levels are also known as...?
Hypercalcemia
60
It is a break in the bone.
Fracture
61
What are the two types of bone fracture?
Closed/simple fracture and open/compound fracture
62
It is a break that does not
penetrate the skin.
Closed/simple fracture
63
A fracture where the broken bone penetrates
through the skin.
Open/compound fracture
64
How are bone fractures treated?
Reduction and immobilization
65
What are the two types of reduction?
Closed reduction and open reduction
66
It is a type of reduction where bones are manually coaxed into
position by physician’s hands.
Closed reduction
67
A reduction wherein bones are secured with pins or
wires during surgery.
Open reduction
68
What are the steps in the healing of bone fractures?
Hematoma
Formation of fibrocartilage
Formation of bony callus
Bone remodeling
69
What are the six types of fractures?
Comminuted
Compression
Depressed
Impacted
Spiral
Greenstick
70
A bone fracture where the bone breaks into many fragments.
Comminuted
71
Bone fracture where the bone is crushed.
Compression
72
Bone fracture where the broken bone portion is pressed inward.
Depressed
73
Bone fracture where broken bone ends are forced into each
other
Impacted
74
Fracture that occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone.
Spiral
75
Fracture where the bone breaks incompletely.
Greenstick
76
This skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body.
Axial skeleton
77
What are the three parts of the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, and thorax
78
What are the two sets of bones in the skull?
Cranium bones and facial bones
79
This part of the skull encloses the brain.
Cranium bones
80
This part of the skull holds eyes in anterior position and allows facial muscles to express feelings
Facial bones
81
How are the bones in the skull joined together?
Sutures
82
What is the only bone in the skull not joined by a suture?
Mandible
83
What are the 8 cranium bones that protect the brain?
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Parietal bones
Temporal bones
84
Which of the 8 cranium bones are paired?
Parietal and temporal bones
85
What are the 14 facial bones?
Maxillae
Zygomatics
Palatines
Nasals
Lacrimals
Inferior nasal conchae
Mandible
Vomer
86
Which 2 facial bones are the only ones NOT paired?
Mandible and vomer
87
Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal
cavity.
Paranasal sinuses
88
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
Lighten the skull
Amplify sounds made as we speak
89
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus
90
What is the only bone that does not articulate with another
bone?
Hyoid bone
91
It serves as a movable base for the tongue and assists in swallowing and speech
Hyoid bone
92
True or False: The fetal skull is large compared to the infant’s total body length.
TRUE
93
True or False: Fetal skull is 1/4 body length compared to adult skull, which is 1/8 body length
TRUE
94
They are fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones.
Fontanel
95
What are the C-shaped spinal curvatures of the thoracic and sacral regions that are present from birth?
Primary curvatures
96
What are the S-shaped spinal curvatures of the cervical and lumbar regions and develop after birth?
Secondary curvatures
97
What are the two curvatures in the spine?
Primary and secondary curvatures
98
It forms a cage to protect the major organs.
Bony thorax
99
What are the three parts of the bony thorax?
Ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae
100
How many pairs of ribs are in the bony thorax?
12 pairs
101
What pairs of ribs are the true ribs that connect to the sternum?
Pairs 1-7
102
103
What pairs of ribs are the false ribs that connect to other ribs?
Pairs 8-12
104
What pairs of ribs are the floating ribs that do not connect?
Pairs 11-12
105
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
106
What are the categories of bones in the appendicular skeleton?
Limbs/appendages
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
107
What girdle attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton?
Pectoral/Shoulder girdle
108
What are the two bones of the shoulder girdle?
Scapula and clavicle
109
It is a ight, poorly reinforced girdle, that allows the upper limb a great deal of freedom.
Pectoral/shoulder girdle
110
What bone forms the arm?
Humerus
111
What is the proximal end articulation of the humerus?
Head articulates with the glenoid activity of the scapula
112
What is the distal end articulation of the scapula?
The trochlea and capitulum articulate with the bones of
the forearm.
113
What are the two bones of the forearm?
Ulna (medial in anatomical position) and radius (lateral in anatomical position)
114
What are the three types of bones in the hand?
Carpal (wrist), metacarpals (palm), and phalanges (fingers)
115
How many bones are in the wrist?
8 bones in each hand arranged in 2 rows of 4
116
How many metacarpal bones are in the hand?
5 on each hand
117
How many phalanges are in the hand?
14 in each hand (3 in each finger, 2 in the thumb)
118
True or False: The pelvic girdle is formed by two coxal bones and the sacrum, while the bony pelvis is formed by two coxal bones, the sacrum and the coccyx.
TRUE
119
What are the three pairs of fused bones in the pelvic girdle?
Ilium, ischium, and pubis
120
True or False: The entire body weight of the upper body rests on the lower limbs (legs).
FALSE. They rest on the pelvic girdle.
121
What are the organs protected by the pelvis?
Reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and part of he large intestine.
122
True or False: The male pelvis is different from the female pelvis.
TRUE.
123
What is also known as the thigh bone?
Femur
124
What is also known as the collarbone?
Clavicle
125
It is the heaviest and strongest bone in the body.
Femur
126
What are the two bones of the lower leg?
Tibia and fibula
127
What is known as the shinbone, and is larger and medially oriented?
Tibia
128
What is the think and sticklike bone that is lateral to the tibia?
Fibula
129
True or False: Both the tibia and the fibula form the kneejoint.
FALSE. The fibula has no role in forming the knee joint.
130
What are the three types of bones in the foot?
Tarsals (ankle), metatarsals, and phalanges
131
How many tarsal bones are in each foot?
7
132
What are the two largest tarsal bones?
Calcaneus and talus
133
The calcaneus is also known as the...?
Heelbone
134
How many metatarsal bones form the sole of each foot?
5
135
How many phalanges are in the foot?
14 per foot
136
They are articulation where two or more bones meet.
Joints
137
What are the functions of joints?
Hold bones together and allow for mobility
138
What are the two ways joints are classified?
Functionally and structurally
139
What are the three functional classifications of joints?
Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses
140
What are the three structural classifications of joints?
Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints
141
They are immovable joints.
Synarthroses and fibrous joints
142
They are slightly movable joints.
Amphiarthroses and cartilaginous joints
143
They are freely movable joints.
Diarthroses and synovial joints
144
What are the three types of tissues that make up the joints?
Fibrous connective tissues with collagen (for strength), three types of cartilage (for flexibility) and fibrocartilage (to absorb compressive shock)
145
They are joints united by fibrous tissue.
Fibrous joints
146
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
Sutures (skull), syndesmoses (end of fibula and tibia), and gomphosis
147
These type of joints are connected by fibrocartilage.
Cartilaginous joints
148
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchrondrosis and symphysis (pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints)
149
They are articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity.
Synovial joints
150
What fluid is found in the synovial joints?
Synovial joints
151
What are the 4 distinguishing features of the synovial joints?
Articular cartilage
Articular capsule
Joint cavity
Reinforcing ligaments
152
They are flattened fibrous sacs found in the synovial joints.
Bursae
153
True or False: The bursae are part of the synovial joint.
FALSE. Bursae are not actually part of the synovial joint.
154
Bursae are lined with what type of membrane?
Synovial membrane
155
They are elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon.
Tendon sheath
156
What are the six types of synovial joints based on shape?
Plane joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condylar joint
Saddle joint
Ball-and-socket joint
157
Inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction.
Bursitis
158
Inflammation of tendon sheaths
Tendonitis
159
Inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints
Arthritis
160
The most widespread crippling disease in the United States.
Arthritis
161
It is the most common chronic arthritis related to normal aging.
Osteoporosis
162
An autoimmune disease—the immune system attacks the joints
Rheumatoid arthritis
163
True or False: rheumatoid arthritis often leads to deformities.
TRUE
164
Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood.
Gouty arthritis
165
True or False: Gouty arthritis is more common in women.
FALSE. It is more common in men.
166
True or False: Growth of cranium after birth is related to brain growth, while increase in size of the facial skeleton follows tooth development and enlargement of the respiratory
passageways.
TRUE
167
