Skeletal System Flashcards
(10 cards)
NAMES AND LOCATION OF BONES
Cranium (Head) Axial
Clavicle (Shoulder) Appendicular
Scapula (Shoulder) Appendicular
Sternum (Chest) Axial
Ribs (Chest) Axial
Humerus (Elbow) Appendicular
Radius (Elbow) Appendicular
Ulna (Elbow) Appendicular
Carpals (Hand) Appendicular
Metacarpals (Hand) Appendicular
Phalanges (Hand) Appendicular
Cervical Vertebrae (Spine) Axial
Thoracic Vertebrae (Spine) Axial
Lumbar Vertebrae (Spine) Axial
Sacrum (Spine) Axial
Pelvis (Hip) Appendicular
Femur (Hip) Appendicular
Patella (Knee) Appendicular
Fibula (Ankle) Appendicular
Tibia (Knee) Appendicular
Tarsals (Foot) Appendicular
Metatarsals (Foot) Appendicular
TYPES OF BONE AND THEIR FUNCTION
Long bone- Bones that are longer than they are wide like a femur, ulna. Act as levers to generate more force on an object. Source of red blood cell production.
Short bone- Bones that are box-like in shape like tarsals, carpals. Weight bearing and absorb shock.
Flat bone- Broad flat and thin bones like pelvis, sternum. Protect vital organs and enables muscle attachment.
Sesamoid bone- Held within tendons covered in cartilages like the patella. Resist friction and ease joint movement for more fluid.
Irregular bone- Irregular shape like the vertebrae. Provide protection and a large surface for muscles to attach.
FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON (Bones Make Moving Joints Possible)
Support framework and movement- It gives the body support, enabling us to stand. The bones of the body are held together by ligaments.
The skeleton provides a framework for the muscles, which are attached to bones by tendons.
Protection- Bones protect vital organs and body parts from impacts and injuries such as the cranium protecting the brain.
Leverage- The length of our bones determines our height and the amount of leverage the bones can exert which can impact our performance.
Weight bearing- Maintain an erect stature the bones of the pelvis and leg are strong and thick s they can maintain the entire weight of the skeleton.
Mineral Storage- stores calcium for muscle contraction and bone repair. Too little Phosphorus can cause muscle fatigue and joint pain. Iron essential for red blood cell formation.
Blood cell production- red blood cells important as they carry oxygen to the muscles. White blood cells important as they fight infection to keep the performer healthy.
BONE GROWTH
Ossification-
Osteoblasts- which form bone by secreting collagen.
Osteoclasts- remove bone and dissolve bone mineral.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE JOINTS
Fibrous- These joints are fixed and allow no movement, such as the cranium, sacrum and coccyx.
Cartilaginous- These joints are slightly moveable joints, such as between the lumbar vertebrae. The joints between the cervical and thoracic vertebrae also form cartilaginous joints.
Synovial- These are freely moveable joints they provide the greatest range of movement. The bones surfaces are covered by cartilage called Articular cartilage it is connected to the joint capsule lined by the synovial membrane which produces synovial fluid; the bursae is small sacs filled with synovial fluid to reduce friction in the joints and is encircled by ligaments to hold the bone in place.
TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
Condyloid joint- It allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction. Example carpals at the wrist in gymnastics beam.
Saddle joint- This joint is formed between the carpals and metacarpals at the base of the thumb. The movements are the same as the condyloid joint. Example carpals and metacarpals to allow the tennis player to grip the racquet.
Pivot joint- There is a pivot joint at the elbow and between the first and second vertebrae. These joints allow twisting or rotation. Example football player tilting head back to head the ball.
Hinge joint- Examples of these are found at the elbow, knee and ankle.They allow flexion and extension.
MOVEMENT RANGES IN A SYNOVIAL JOINT
Flexion – bending a joint. This occurs when the angle of a joint decreases. For example, the elbow flexes when performing a biceps curl.
Extension – straightening a joint. This occurs when the angle of a joint increases, for example, at the elbow when putting a shot.
Abduction – movement away from the midline of the body. This occurs at the hip and shoulder joints during a jumping jack movement.
Adduction – movement towards the midline of the body. This occurs at the hip and shoulder, returning the arms and legs back to their original position from a jumping jack movement.
Circumduction – this is where the limb moves in a circle. This occurs at the shoulder joint during an overarm tennis serve.
Rotation – this is where the limb moves in a circular movement around a fixed joint towards or away from the midline of the body. This occurs in the hip in golf while performing a drive shot.
Plantar flexion – pointing the toes – this movement only occurs at the ankle, for example, pointing the toes in ballet.
Dorsiflexion – the foot moves towards the shin as if you are pulling your toes up. This movement only occurs at the ankle.
SHORT TERM EFFECT OF EXERCISE OF THE SKELETON
Stimulates increase of mineral uptake (calcium) within the bones.
Stimulates production of collagen due to increased stress on bones as a result of exercise.
Responses of the skeletal system to exercise within the joint Increased range of movement due to: reduction in viscosity of the synovial fluid, increased pliability of the ligaments.
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF EXERCISE OF THE SKELETON
Increased bone density and strength due to increased mineral content and bone cell activity make the bones less susceptible to fractures or breaks. Increased ligament strength reduce the risk of dislocation at a joint. Increased thickness of articular cartilage protects the ends of the bones from wear and tear.
SKELETAL ISSUES
Arthritis- Osteoarthritis - mainly develops in those over 40, but can occur at any age and rheumatoid arthritis - normally develops between the ages of 40-50; women are more susceptible than men to this condition. Exercise can delay these conditions by helping the individual maintain a healthy weight and healthy joints.
Osteoporosis- This is a reduction in bone density. It can be caused by a lack of calcium, vitamin D and a sedentary lifestyle.The reduction in bone mass makes the bones more brittle, with increased risk of fracturing a bone from even a minor bump or fall.
Higher levels of weight-bearing physical activity can reduce age-related bone loss by putting gentle stress on the bones; not too much that they fracture, but enough so that new bone growth is encouraged.
