Skeletal system Flashcards
(42 cards)
1
Q
basic components of skeletal system
A
- bone
- skeletal muscle
- cartilage
- ligament
- tendon
2
Q
Iigament
A
- connects bone to bone
3
Q
tendon
A
- connects bone to muscle
4
Q
axial skeleton
A
- bones in skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage
5
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
- bones of thoracic and pelvic limbs
6
Q
types of bones
A
- long
- short
- sesamoid
- flat
- pneumatic
- irregular
- splanchnic
7
Q
types of joints
A
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
8
Q
fibrous joints
A
- bones connected by fibrous tissue
- no joint cavity
- three types
9
Q
three types of fibrous joints
A
- suture = fibrous tissue ossified after maturity, immovable
- syndesmosis = slightly movable
- gomphosis = immovable, dental
10
Q
cartilaginous joints
A
- bones connected by cartilage
- no joint cavity
- 2 types
11
Q
two types of cartilaginous joints
A
- synchondrosis = immovable, in immature bone
- symphisis = slightly movable, between vertebral bodies
12
Q
synovial joints
A
- freely movable
- cavities between the bones are filled w/ synovial fluid
13
Q
synovial joint types
A
- saddle
- ball-and-socket
- plane
- pivot
- condylar
- hinge
14
Q
saddle joint
A
- allows all movement except rotation
- present in most primates
- a.k.a sellaris joint
15
Q
ball-and-socket joint
A
- allows the greatest rang of movement
- e.g. shoulder
- a.k.a spheroid joint
16
Q
plane joint
A
- allows only gliding movement
- e.g. vertebral joint arch
17
Q
pivot joint
A
- allows movement limited to rotation
- a.k.a trochoid joint
18
Q
condylar joint
A
- allows angular movements, but not rotation
19
Q
hinge joint
A
- movement is limited to flexion and extension
- e.g. elbow joint
20
Q
components of long bones
A
- red marrow
- spongy bone
- compact bone
- epiphyseal line
- medullary cavity
- periosteum
- endosteum
- yellow marrow
-nutrient arteries - nutrient foramen
- articular cartilage
21
Q
spongey bone
A
- a.k.a cancellous/trabecular bone
- a meshwork of supporting bundles of fibres called trabeculae
22
Q
blood supply to the bone
A
- nutrient artery and vein = some bones can have more than one of each
- periostea blood vessel = covers the entire length of the bone shaft
- metaphyseal-epiphyseal blood vessels = supply blood to the ends of long bones
23
Q
bone matrix
A
- contains collagen fibres (organic) and calcium (inorganic) = hydroxyapatite crystals
24
Q
types of bone cell
A
- osteoprogenitor cells
- osteoblasts
- osteocytes
- bone-lining cells
- osteoclasts
25
osteoprogenitor cells
- mesenchymal cells that divide to produce daughter cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
- maintain the population of osteoblasts
- they are found in the periosteum and endosteum
26
osteoblasts
- lining the surface bone, they make the organic compounds of bone matrix
- when they are completely surrounded by bone matrix, they become osteocytes
27
osteocytes
- matured bone cells located in the bone matrix that make up more of the cell population
- mechanosensors = stimulate bone formation in the presence of mechanical stimuli, or degradation in the absence of such stimuli
28
bone-lining cells
- former osteoblasts and cover bone that is not remodelling
- regulate the movement of calcium and phosphate into and out of the bone
29
osteoclast
- bone-resorbing cell
- derived from the same stem cells that produced monocytes and macrophages
- form by the fusion of many cells
- important role in the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids
30
functions in the skeletal system
- support
- movement
- protection
- storage
- blood cell production
31
skeletal system function of support
- bones and cartilage provide the scaffold that supports the body
32
skeletal system function of movement
- contraction of the skeletal muscles moves the bones, producing body movements
33
skeletal system function of protection
- bone is rigid and protects the organs it surrounds
- the skull protects the brain
- the vertebrate protects the spinal cord
- the ribcage protects the heart, lungs and other organs of thorax
34
skeletal system function of storage
- the bone acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and potassium
- adipose tissue is stored in the yellow marrow and can serve as a source of energy for other tissues
35
skeletal system function of blood cell production
- the bone is the major site for haematopoiesis
- red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are all produced in the red marrow
36
remodelling
- the organic mineral components of bone matrix are being continuously recycled and renewed
- osteoclasts are constantly removing bone matrix
- osteoblasts are constantly adding to bone matrix
37
stages of bone remodelling
- activation
- resorption
- reversal
- formation
- termination
38
effects of the rate of bone formation and resorption
- when osteoclasts remove calcium salts faster than osteoblasts deposit them, bones weaken
- when osteoblast activity predominates, bones become stringer and denser
39
nutritional and hormonal factors effecting bone growth
- normal growth and maintenance rely on a constant dietary source of calcium and phosphate salts
- vitamin C is required for collagen synthesis and stimulates osteoblast differentiation
40
skeletal system role in calcium homeostasis
- calcium is essential for many physiological processes
- calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and the skeleton is a calcium reserve
- the skeleton plays the primary role in the homeostatic maintenance of normal calcium concentration
41
low level of calcium in plasma
- parathyroid glands secrete parathion hormone
- osteoclasts stimulated to release stores calcium ions
- rate of intestinal absorption increases
- kidneys retain calcium ions
42
high liveness of calcium in plasma
- parafollicular cells in thyroid gland secrete calcitonin
- osteoclasts inhibited while osteoblasts continue to loc calcium ions in the bones
- rate of intestinal absorption decreases
- kidneys allow calcium loss through urine
