The nervous system

Question 1

epithelial tissue

Answer 1

• covers the surface of the body
• lines body cavities
• forms glands

Question 2

connective tissue

Answer 2

supports, binds and protects other tissues & organs

Question 3

muscle tissue

Answer 3

main function = contraction

Question 4

neural tissue

Answer 4

transmits electrical and chemical signals to coordinate fucntion

Question 5

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 5

most active during times of stress
“fight or flight”

Question 6

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 6

most active during periods of rest
“rest and digest”

Question 7

effects of (para)sympathetic nervous systems are…

Answer 7

antagonistic
one stimulates, one inhibits

Question 8

dendrite

Answer 8

stimulated by environmental changes or activity of other cells

Question 9

neuron cell body

Answer 9

contains nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, other organelles

Question 10

axon

Answer 10

conducts nerve impulses toward synaptic terminals

Question 11

terminal boutons

Answer 11

affects another neuron or effector organ

Question 12

unipolar neurones

Answer 12

predominantly observed in invertebrates

Question 13

pseudo unipolar neurone

Answer 13

sensory neurone
during development, dendrite fused w/ axon

Question 14

bipolar neurone

Answer 14

sensory neurone
have two relatively equal fibres extending off central cell body

Question 15

anaxonic neurone

Answer 15

have no apparent neurone

Question 16

multipolar neurone

Answer 16

highly branched but lack long extensions

Question 17

multipolare neurones

Answer 17

efferent
have 5-7 dendrites, each branching 4-6 times
a single long axon which may branch several times
ends at enlarged axon terminals

Question 18

neurologia

Answer 18

hold things together like glue

Question 19

ependymal cells

Answer 19

neurologia in CNS
line central Cana of spinal cord & brain vesicles
help circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Question 20

oligodendrocytes

Answer 20

CNS neuroglia
myeline axons from CNS
provide structural support

Question 21

astrocytes

Answer 21

CNS neuroglia
maintain blood-brain barrier
provide structural support
regulate ions & minerals
form scar tissue

Question 22

microglia

Answer 22

CNS neuroglia
remove cell debris, waste & pathogens by phagocytosis

Question 23

satellite cells

Answer 23

PNS neuroglia
surround cell bodies of neurones
regulate O2, CO2, neurotransmitter & nutrient levels

Question 24

Schwann cells

Answer 24

PNS neuroglia
surround all axons in PNS
responsible for myelination of peripheral axons
participate in repair process

Question 25

cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 25

clear, colourless fluid delivers nutrients waste clearance hydromechanical protection

Question 26

blood-brain barrier

Answer 26

protective barrier separating brains interstitial fluid from blood

Question 27

nerves

Answer 27

a bundle of neurones axons, blood vessels & connective tissue

Question 28

enteric nervous system

Answer 28

network of neurone and glia located in gut wall able to control gastrointestinal function independently from CNS

Question 29

do neurons regenerate?

Answer 29

no no capacity to divide lack centrioles & microtubules

Question 30

can nerves be regenerated?

Answer 30

to a certain extent

Question 31

resting potential

Answer 31

a result of the [ ] grad of ions across cell membranes more sodium [ ] outside, more potassium [ ] outside due to diff in permeability of cell membrane to Na & K

Question 32

what depolarisation required for action potential?

Answer 32

-55mV

Question 33

action potential

Answer 33

only take place when a graded potential causes membrane to reach threshold of depolarisation = -55mV

Question 34

graded potential

Answer 34

a change in the membrane potential that can have several values, does not travel far from area of stimulation as will decrease

Question 35

subthreshold charge

Answer 35

a GP that starts above threshold but decrease in strength as travels through cell body. at trigger zone, its below threshold and cannot initiate AP

Question 36

supratheshold

Answer 36

GP that is still above threshold when it reaches trigger zone AP is generated

Question 37

temporal summation

Answer 37

repeated stimulation of one presynaptic terminal, built upon each other to reach threshold value

Question 38

spatial summation

Answer 38

simultaneous stimulation of multiple presynaptic terminals, add together to reach threshold value can be both excitatory and inhibitory

Question 39

divergence neural circuit

Answer 39

one neutron sends info to many neurons

Question 40

convergence neural circuit

Answer 40

many neurones influence a single neuron

Question 41

parallel after-discharge neural circuits

Answer 41

signal diverges into multiple parallel pathways, then converge into single neuron

Question 42

reverberation neural circuits

Answer 42

signal creates a loop of neural activity

Question 43

refractory period

Answer 43

period after an AP where membrane is not excitable

Question 44

sensory receptor

Answer 44

transducer that converts a stimulus into an intracellular signal change in membrane potential

Question 45

simple sensory receptors

Answer 45

neurons w/ free nerve endings

Question 46

complex neural receptors (sensory)

Answer 46

have nerve endings enclosed in connective tissue

Question 47

special senses receptors (sensory)

Answer 47

cells that synapse w/ an afferent neuron

Question 48

interoceptors

Answer 48

monitor digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary & reproductive systems provide sensations of distention, deep pressure & pain

Question 49

exteroceptors

Answer 49

provide info about external environment in form of touch, temp or pressure as well as taste, smell, sight, equilibrium & hearing

Question 50

proprioceptors

Answer 50

monitor position of & movement of skeletal muscles & joints

Question 51

chemoreceptors

Answer 51

detect small changes in [ ] od specific chemicals or compounds mainly only water & lipid soluble substances

Question 52

nociceptors

Answer 52

pain receptors sensitive to extremes of temp, mechanical damage, injury related chemical-free nerve endings

Question 53

thermorecpetors

Answer 53

free nerve endings in the dermis, skeletal muscles, hypothalamus & liver detect gradual changes in temp

Question 54

photoreceptors

Answer 54

converts photons of light into membrane potentials

Question 55

mechanoreceptors

Answer 55

sensitive to stimuli that can distort plasma membranes