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Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two skeletons?

A

Axil

Appendicular

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2
Q

What are the two types of postural deviations?

A

Kyphosis (hunched back)

Scoliosis (sideways curvature)

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3
Q

How many slight curves should there be while the spine is in a neutral alignment?

A

3

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4
Q

How does bone growth occur?

A

Through a process called ossification

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5
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

The growth plate where bone tissue is naturally added

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6
Q

How do bone cells comprise?

A

Osteoblasts form bone by secreting collagen

Osteoclasts remove bone, dissolve bone mineral which is then removed

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7
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton?

A 
Framework
Movement
Leverage
Weight bearing 
Protection
Blood cell production 
Minerals

Way to remember- Fake Mums Like Water Proof Black Mascara

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8
Q

What are the types of bone?

A 
Long
Sesamoid 
Short
Flat
Irregular

Way to remember- Lanky Sea Sharks Find Iceland

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9
Q

What are the characteristic and examples of long bones?

A

Longer than they are wide

Femur, ulnar and phalanges

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10
Q

What are short bones?

A

they are as short as there are wide

Carpals, tarsals

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11
Q

What are the characteristics and examples of flat bones?

A

Broad, flat and normally thin bones

Pelvis, sternum and ribs

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12
Q

What are the characteristics and examples of sesamoid bones?

A

Held within tendons covered in cartilage

Patella

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13
Q

What are the characteristics and examples of irregular bones?

A

Irregular shape

Vertebrae

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14
Q

What is the function of long bones?

A

Source of red blood cells production, essential for oxygen delivery
Enable large movements, allowing increased speed or range in which an object can be moved
Act as levers to generate more force on an object

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15
Q

What is the function of short bones?

A

Increase stability and reduce unwanted movement

Are weight bearing, helping the body to remain upright or hold balance

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16
Q

What is the function of sesamoid bones?

A

Ease joint movement, meaning more fluid

Resist friction so movement is not slowed down

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17
Q

What is the function of flat bones?

A

Protect vital organs to reduce injury
Enable muscle attachment to create movement
Produce blood cells in adults

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18
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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19
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

These are joints that are fixed and allow no movement such as the sacrum and coccyx

Way to remember- Fibrous Fixed (FF)

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20
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

These joints are slightly moveable joints, such as between the lumbar vertebrae

Way to remember- Cartilaginou(S)lightly Movable

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21
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

These are freely movable joints
they are important in sport because they provide the greatest range of movement
The shape of the bones at the joint determines the range of movement
For example, due to the shape of the bones forming the knee, we can only bend and straighten the leg at the knee

Way to remember- sYnovial FreelY (YY)

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22
Q

What are the different types of synovial joints?

A 
Condyloid 
Pivot
Hinge
Gliding
Saddle
Ball and socket

Way to remember- Cats Poke Hefty Gents Showing Balls

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23
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

Study These Flashcards
A

This joint allows movement in two places
It allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and circumduction
Formed between the radius and ulna and the carpals at the wrist allows the gymnast to put their hand flat on to the bar to maintain their weight

24
Q

What is a pivot joint?

Study These Flashcards
A

There is a pivot joint at the elbow and between the first and second vertebrae
These joints allow twisting or rotation
Formed between the first and second vertebrae at the neck allows the player to tilt the head back to watch the ball

25
What is a gliding joint?
This joint is formed between the bones of the wrist and the foot The bones glide over each other to allow sliding or twisting movements For example, the hand action in hockey as you dribble the ball Formed between the tarsals and metatarsals of the foot increases the flexibility of the foot, allowing the player to turn the foot to kick the ball
26
What is a hinge joint?
Examples of these are found at the elbow, knee and ankle They allow flexion and extension Formed between the humerus and the radius and ulna at the elbow allows the volleyball player to bend the arm to serve the ball
27
What is a saddle joint?
This joint is formed between the carpals and metacarpals at the base of the thumb The movements are the same as the condyloid Formed between the carpals and metacarpals at the base of the thumb allows the tennis player to grip the racquet and the ball
28
What is a ball and socket joint?
These joints give the greatest range of movement Ball and socket joints at the hip and shoulder allow flexion, extension, adduction, and rotation Formed between the femur and pelvis at the hip allows the hurdlers to lift the leg to clear the hurdle
29
What are the components of synovial joints?
``` Bone Muscle Bursa Synovial fluid Tendon Articular cartilage Synovial membrane Ligament Joint capsule ``` Way to remember- Bulky Men Break Strong Tables As Strong Limbs Jump
30
What is articular cartilage?
A shiny, elastic material | Designed to reduce friction and absorb shock
31
What are ligaments?
Connects bone to bone, holding the bones in the correct position They stabilise the joint
32
What is the function of synovial membrane?
Secretes synovial fluid
33
What is the bursa?
Found in the major synovial joints Reduce mechanical friction in the joint They act as a cushion between bone and another part of the joint Such as tendons or muscles
34
What is the joint capsule?
Surrounds the synovial joint It is attached to the outer layer of the bones forming a joint It seals the joint and provides stability to the joint
35
What is the function of synovial fluid?
Lubricates and reduces friction in the joint Supplies nutrients to the joint Removes waste products from the joint
36
How to muscles and tendons work with the skeletal system?
Must be present In a joint No way to move bones without them present at a joint Tendon attaches the muscle to bone and the muscle contracts to bring about the movement
37
What are the ranges of movement possible at joints?
``` Flexion Extension Planter flexion Dorsiflexion Abduction Adduction Horizontal abduction Horizontal adduction Hyperextension Lateral flexion Horizontal flexion Lateral flexion of the spine Circumduction Rotation ``` Way to remember- HAHA HE F(e)LL DR(amati)C(ly)
38
What is flexion?
Reducing the angle of the bones forming the joint | Example- during a bicep curl (lifting phase)
39
What is extension?
The angle between the bones at the joint increases and the arm is returned to the anatomical position Example- Bicep curl (lowering phase)
40
What is plantarflexion?
Occurs at the ankle Pointing the toes Example- Ballet
41
What is dorsiflextion?
Occurs at the ankle The toes are pulled nearer to the lower leg Example- Kick up (football)
42
What is abduction?
A sideways movement away from the midline of the body | Example- Layup (basketball)
43
What is adduction?
A sideways movement towards the midline of the body | Example- Handstand (gymnastics)
44
What is horizontal abduction?
Movement away from the midline of the body but horizontally (parallel to the floor) rather than vertically Example- Tennis
45
What is horizontal adduction?
Movement towards the midline of the body but horizontally (parallel to the floor) rather than vertically Example- Tennis
46
What is horizontal flexion?
At the shoulder Similar to horizontal adduction The elbow faces outwards as the arms are moved to the midline of the body horizontally Example- Discus
47
What is horizontal extension?
At the shoulder Lateral movement away from the midline of the body horizontally, moving the upper arm away from the chest with elbows at the side Example- Discus
48
What is hyperextension?
At the spine Extension of the spine is movement back to the anatomical position Hyperextension is a continuation of this movement so that the neck moves further away from the chest or spine moves away from the pelvis Example- Gymnastics
49
What is lateral flexion of the spine?
Movement away from the midline of the body so the spine moves from side to side This can occur at the cervical vertebrae and thoracic an lumbar vertebrae
50
What is circumduction?
This is a conical movement Occurs at the shoulder The hand will describe a circle Example- Butterfly (swimming)
51
What is rotation?
A circular movement that occurs when the bone at the joint turns around an axis Example- Gold drive
52
What are responses of the skeletal system?
Increased mineral uptake Increased production of collagen Reduction in viscosity of the synovial fluid Increase pliability of the ligaments Ways to remember- Monkeys Catch Violins
53
What are the adaptations of the skeletal system?
Increased bone density and strength Increased ligament strength Increased thickness of articular cartilage Ways to remember- Big Lumpy Cows
54
What are some additional factors that are effected by the skeletal system?
Arthritis | Osteoporosis
55
What is arthritis?
There are two types: Osteoarthritis- articular cartilage thins, pain and lack of mobility, difficult to exercise Rheumatoid arthritis- causes inflammation of joint, due to a build-up of fluid, exercise can increase the risk of exercise
56
What is osteoporosis?
Reduction in bone density, it can be caused by a lack of calcium, vitamin D and a sedentary lifestyle Reduction in bone mass makes the bones more brittle Higher levels of weight bearing physical activity can reduce age related bone loss (strength training)

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