Skeletal System and Bone Tissue

Question 1

The skeletal system consists of:

Answer 1

• Bone
• Cartilage
• Ligaments
• Tendons

Question 2

5 functions of the Skeletal System

Answer 2

• SUPPORT the body
• PROTECT soft organs
• MOVEMENT
• **STORAGE **of minerals and fats
• **BLOOD **cell formation

Question 3

of bones in the skeleton

Answer 3

206

Question 4

Axial skeleton consists of:

Answer 4

Skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Question 5

Appendicular skeleton consists of:

Answer 5

• Bones of the upper and lower limbs
• Pectoral and pelvic girdles

Question 6

5 classifications of bone shape

Answer 6

• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular
• Sesamoid

Question 7

Bones longer than they are wide (e.g. femur)

Answer 7

Long bones

Question 8

Bones about as long as they are wide (e.g. carpals)

Answer 8

Short bones

Question 9

Bones which are slightly curved and flattened (e.g. scapula)

Answer 9

Flat bones

Question 10

Bones whose shapes don’t fit into other categories (e.g. vertebrae)

Answer 10

Irregular bones

Question 11

Bones surrounded by connective tissue; no bone-to-bone connection (e.g. patella)

Answer 11

Sesamoid bones

Question 12

• Long shaft of a long bone
• Contains medullary cavity
• Made up entirely of compact bone

Answer 12

Diaphysis

Question 13

• Broadened end of a long bone
• Made of cancellous (spongy) bone covered by compact bone
• Covered in hyaline cartilage to form the surface of joints

Answer 13

Epiphysis

Question 14

Red bone marrow is located in the proximal _________

Answer 14

Epiphysis

Question 15

• Space in the middle of a long bone
• In adults is filled with yellow marrow (fat)

Answer 15

Medullary cavity

Question 16

Covers the epiphyses of long bones to form the surface of joints

Answer 16

Hyaline cartilage

Question 17

Produces all types of blood cells

Answer 17

Red marrow

Question 18

• Site of bone elongation
• Consists of hyaline cartilage

Answer 18

Epiphyseal plate (a.k.a. growth plate)

Question 19

• Remnant of epiphyseal plate after skeletal maturity
• Dividing line between the epiphysis and diaphysis

Answer 19

Epiphyseal line

Question 20

As long as this is present you still have the potential to grow taller

Answer 20

Epiphyseal plate

Question 21

Occurs roughly around the ages of 18-21

Answer 21

Skeletal maturity

Question 22

Osteogenic

Answer 22

Bone producing (bone generating)

Question 23

• Double-layered membrane on the outside of living bone
• Supplied with nerves + blood vessels and lymph vessels

Answer 23

Periosteum

Question 24

Consists of a fibrous outer layer made up of dense irregular connective tissue, and an osteogenic inner layer made up mainly of osteoblasts

Answer 24

Periosteum

Question 25

* Internal bone membrane * Lines medullary cavities and honeycombs of spongy bone * Contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Answer 25

Endosteum

Question 26

Cells who produce bone matrix

Answer 26

Osteoblasts

Question 27

Cells who break down bone matrix

Answer 27

Osteoclasts

Question 28

The structural unit of a compact bone

Answer 28

Osteon (Haversian system)

Question 29

Concentric layers of hardened bone matrix circling a central canal

Answer 29

Lamallae

Question 30

* Canal running lengthwise * Contains blood vessels and nerves * Lined by endosteum

Answer 30

Central or Haversian canal

Question 31

* Canals running perpendicular to the Haversian canals * Connects Haversian canal and medullary cavity to the periosteum

Answer 31

Volkmann’s canals (a.k.a. perforating canals)

Question 32

* Mature bone cells * Spider-shaped * Responsible for maintenance of bone matrix * Contained in lacunae

Answer 32

Osteocytes

Question 33

* Hair-like canals containing projections of adjacent osteocytes * Allow for diffusion of nutrients and waste between cells

Answer 33

Canaliculi

Question 34

Name for the organic portion of a bone’s matrix

Answer 34

Osteoid

Question 35

Ratio of organic to inorganic components in healthy bone matrix

Answer 35

~35% organic to ~65% inorganic

Question 36

Organic ingrediant of bone matrix that gives bone flexibility and tensile strength

Answer 36

Collagen

Question 37

Inorganic component of bone matrix that gives bone its hardness

Answer 37

Hydroxyapatite (made up of calcium and phosphate)

Question 38

Ossification

Answer 38

* Bone formation by osteoblasts * Begins in utero and continues until skeletal maturity

Question 39

Bone formation that begins on a collagen membrane that is formed during embryonic development

Answer 39

Intramembranous ossification

Question 40

Bone formation that begins at a primary ossification center in the middle of a hyaline cartilage template

Answer 40

Endochondral ossification

Question 41

Responsible for the formation of flat bones and clavicles and some irregular bones of the skull

Answer 41

Intramembranous ossification

Question 42

Responsible for the formation of the bones at the base of the skull and most of the skeleton

Answer 42

Endochondral ossification

Question 43

The name for the middle of the hyaline cartilage template where endochondral ossification begins

Answer 43

Primary ossification center

Question 44

Fat soluble vitamin necessary for calcium absorption from the intestines

Answer 44

Vitamin D

Question 45

Necessary for normal collagen formation and mineralization of matrix

Answer 45

Vitamin C

Question 46

Acts on epiphyseal plate to stimulate growth

Answer 46

Growth hormone

Question 47

* Hormones active at puberty which stimulate bone growth * Same hormones later send signal to ossify growth plates and end growth

Answer 47

Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

Question 48

* Bone disease in children caused by vitamin D deficiency * Reduced mineralization makes bones “bendy” * Can cause bowed legs and inflamed joints

Answer 48

Rickets

Question 49

* Bone disease in adults involving softening of the bones due to calcium depletion * Can be transient (e.g. in pregnant women)

Answer 49

Osteomalacia

Question 50

* Porous bone resulting from bone depletion * 2.5 x more common in women * Caused by drop off in estrogen

Answer 50

Osteoporosis

Question 51

A sex hormone which inhibits the stimulation of osteoclasts

Answer 51

Estrogen

Question 52

Causes of osteoporosis

Answer 52

* Decrease in estrogen * Inadequate calcium and vitamin C * Inadequate absorption of calcium in the intestines * Inadequate weight-bearing exercise

Question 53

Hormone sometimes prescribed to postmenopausal women

Answer 53

Estrogen

Question 54

Bone inflammation caused by bacterial infection

Answer 54

Osteomyelitis

Question 55

Tiny cavities that osteocytes live in

Answer 55

Lacunae

Question 56

Hyperplasia

Answer 56

Growth of tissue by increasing the number of cells (i.e. by cell division)