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Bio chapter 7&8 skeletal system > skeletal system and bones > Flashcards

skeletal system and bones Flashcards

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1
Q

cartilage

A

supportive connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix (ends of long bones)

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2
Q

elastic cartilage

A

very flexible (external ear)

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3
Q

fibro cartilage

A

fibers give it great strength (intovebral discs)

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4
Q

how many bones in the body

A

206

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5
Q

axial skeleton

A

forms the log axis of the body. skull, vertebral column, rib cage. protects, supports and carries other body parts

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6
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

appendages. bones of upper and lower limbs, shoulder, hip bones. functions: locomotion and manipulation of environment.

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7
Q

functions of skeleton

A

support, protection,movement, mineral storage, hematopoiesis

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8
Q

hematopoiesis

A

blood formation in red bone marrow

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9
Q

Compact bone

A

dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid

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10
Q

spongy bone

A

arrangement of small needle like pieces called spicues

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11
Q

trabeculae

A

spaces filled with bone marrow

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12
Q

anatomy of long bone

A

diaphysis, epiphysis , epiphyseal line

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13
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft. medullary cavity with bone marrow LONG BONE

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14
Q

epiphysis

A

bone ends. compact bone (outside) spongy bone (inside) joint surface covered with articular cartilage (hyaline) LONG BONE

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15
Q

epephyseal line

A

between diaphysis and epiphysis, remnant of growth plate LONG BONE

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16
Q

endosteum

A

endo (within) osteo (bone) delicate connective tissue layer. covers trabecule of spongy bones in marrow cavities LONG BONE

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17
Q

periosteum

A

peri (around) osteo (bone) double layered membrane LONG BONE

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18
Q

fibrous

A

outer layer (collagen)

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19
Q

osteogenic layer

A

contains bone forming cells. makes bones

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20
Q

osteons

A

structural unit of compact bone BONE

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21
Q

central canal

A

small blood vessels and nerves that runs through each osteon BONE

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22
Q

perforating canals

A

connect blood supply of periostum to central canals and medullary cavity

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23
Q

osteocytes

A

bone cells that occupy lacunae (tiny cavities)

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24
Q

canaliculi

A

hair like canals that connect osteocytes within an osteon

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25
lamelae
layer of matrix( stuff between cells ) within an osteon
26
osteoblasts
bone forming cells
27
osteoclasts
bone disolving cells
28
osteocytes (chemical composition
osteoblasts that have become trapped in matrix
29
ostoid
various proteins including collagen secreted by osteoblasts
30
the skeleton is made up of these three cartilages
hyaline, elastic, fibro
31
ossification
bone formation
32
intramembranous
within mesenchyme (loose connective tissue) forms lat bone:cranial and clavicle
33
endochrondrial ossification
within hyaline cartilage, forms most bones
34
mesenchymal
cells become osteogenic (bone stem cells ) to make it stronger
35
spongy bone
blood vessels enter ossified area resulting in formation of spongy bone
36
ossification begins at
primary ossification center (middle of cartilagious shaft of long bone)
37
secondary ossification center
ends of bones
38
mesenchyme develops into
hyaline cartilage
39
epiphyseal plate
between primary and secondary marrow cavity and serves as a growth plate for bone elongation
40
epiphyseal line
when the plate is gone, may be visible in some bones where the plate has been replaced by bone
41
zones of the metaphysis ( know order )
transition from cartilage to bone
42
appositional growth
bone growth in the diameter and thickness through growth of new tissue at the surface (growing in width )
43
where does growth in the bone happen
periostium
44
Growth hormone
acts on the epiphyseal plate to stimulate division of cartilage cells
45
examples of homeostatic imbalences
giantism dwarfism
46
thyroid hormone
modulate activity of cells in response to growth hormone to ensure proper proportions of the skeleton
47
hormonal regulation of bone growth
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
48
calcitonin
secreted by thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high. reduced osteoclast activity increased osteoblast activity
49
parathyroid hormone
sereted by paratyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too low. increased osteoclast activity, reduced osteoblast activity. less urinary calcium excretion
50
calcitroiol
vitamin d3 promotes intestinal calcium absorbtion. reduced excretion of calcium in urine
51
sex hormones
active at puberty. initial growth spurt (hormones stimulate osteoblasts) causes epiphyseal plate to close
52
bone remodeling involve
lysosomal enzymes and metabolic acids
53
lysosomal enzymes
digest organic matrix
54
metabolic acids
release calcium and digest calcium salts
55
hematoma
mas of clotted blood forms at the fracture site
56
closed (simple)
completly internal
57
open (compound)
bone ends penetrate the skin
58
linear
break paralells the long axis of the bone
59
transverse
break across the bone
60
complete
bone is broken through
61
greenstick break
found mostly in children one side of the shaft breaks and the other side bends
62
homeostatic imbalences
diseases
63
osteomalacia (rickets)
soft bone, inadequate minerlaization, pain when weight is applied bowed legs
64
osteoporosis
bone reobsortion outpaces bone deposit
65
scoliosis
abnormal spinal curvature
66
kyphosis
hunchback
67
lordosis
swayback (pregnancy) reversable
68
pagets disease
excessive bone formation and breakdown leading to weakend bones irregular filling of marrow cavities . some areas are stronger than others

Bio chapter 7&8 skeletal system (1 decks)

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