Skeletal System Bones to know Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
Parietal Bones
A
The parietal bones are two bones in the skull which, when joined at a fibrous joint, form the sides and roof of the cranium. In humans, each bone is roughly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles.
2
Q
Frontal Bone
A
The frontal bone in an adult is an unpaired bone that is a part of the boney structure that forms the anterior and superior portions of the skull. At the beginning of life, it is a bone separated by a temporary suture called the frontal suture
3
Q
Frontal sinus (not visible)
A
A type of paranasal sinus (a hollow space in the bones around the nose). There are two, large frontal sinuses in the frontal bone, which forms the lower part of the forehead and reaches over the eye sockets and eyebrows.
4
Q
Supraorbital foramen
A
The supraorbital notch or foramen are the sites where the nerve is confined to a narrow anatomical passageway as well as inside the orbit where the nerve may be indirectly influenced by the eyeball movements. Such localization of the supraorbital nerve may contribute to greater frequencies of compression.
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Q
Temporal Bones
A
The temporal bones are two major bones in the skull, or cranium. They help form the sides and base of the skull, where they protect the temporal lobe of the brain and surround the ear canal. The other major bones in the skull are: the two parietal bones that make up the top of the skull.
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Q
Mastoid portion (Temporal bone)
A
The mastoid part of the temporal bone is the posterior (back) part of the temporal bone, one of the bones of the skull. Its rough surface gives attachment to various muscles (via tendons) and it has openings for blood vessels. From its borders, the mastoid part articulates with two other bones.
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Q
External Acoustic Meatus (auditory canal)
A
external auditory canal, also called external auditory meatus, or external acoustic meatus, passageway that leads from the outside of the head to the tympanic membrane, or eardrum membrane, of each ear. The structure of the external auditory canal is the same in all mammals.
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Q
mandibular fossa (Temporal bone)
A
The mandibular fossa is the cavity in the temporal bone that enables interaction with the mandibular condyle. The mandibular fossa of the temporal bone borders with articular tubercle in the front and is separated from the external acoustic meatus by the tympanic part of the bone on the backside.
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Q
zygomatic process (temporal bone)
A
zygomatic process (plural zygomatic processes) (anatomy) A protrusion from the rest of the skull, most of it belonging to the zygomatic bone, but also contributed to by the frontal bone, maxilla and temporal bone.
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Q
Petrous Portion (Temporal bone)
A
The petrous part of the temporal bone is pyramid-shaped and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and houses in its interior, the components of the inner ear.
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Q
Internal Auditory Meatus (temporal bone)
A
The internal auditory canal (IAC), also referred to as the internal acoustic meatus lies in the temporal bone and exists between the inner ear and posterior cranial fossa. It includes the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII), facial nerve (CN VII), the labyrinthine artery, and the vestibular ganglion
12
Q
Jugular foramen:
A
The jugular foramen is a cavity formed by the petrous part of the temporal bone anteriorly and the occipital bone posteriorly. Its major function is to act as a conduit for essential structures to pass through
13
Q
carotid canal
A
The carotid canal is a passageway in the temporal bone of the skull through which the internal carotid artery enters the middle cranial fossa from the neck.
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Q
Styloid process of the temporal
A
The styloid process of the temporal bone is a slender osseous projection that points anteroinferiorly from the inferior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It serves as an anchor point for several muscles associated with the tongue and larynx: styloglossus muscle
15
Q
Stylomastoid Foramen
A
The stylomastoid foramen is a small, round opening located on the inferolateral aspect of the temporal bone, between the root of the styloid process and the mastoid process. It serves as the external opening of the facial canal of the temporal bone, which transmits the facial nerve and the stylomastoid artery
16
Q
zygomatic bones
A
The zygomatic bones are a pair of diamond-shaped, irregularly-shaped bones that protrude laterally and form the prominence of the cheeks, a portion of the lateral wall, the orbit floor, and some portions of the temporal fossa and infratemporal fossa.
17
Q
temporal process
A
The temporal process is when the zygomatic bone, zygomatic process, and temporal bone come together to form part of the zygomatic arch. The temporal bone anatomy is divided into four regions: the squamous region (the largest part of the temporal bone), mastoid, petrous, and tympanic.
18
Q
nasal bones
A
The nasal bones are two small, symmetrical oblong bones, each having two surfaces and four borders. Positioned in the midface, at their junction, they form the bridge of the nose superiorly and anchor the upper lateral nasal cartilages inferiorly.
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Q
lacrimal bone
A
The lacrimal bone is a paired facial bone located in the medial wall of the orbit. Its main function is to provide support to the structures of the lacrimal apparatus, which secretes tears to lubricate the eyes, as well as act as a site for orbicularis oculi muscle attachment.
20
Q
nasolacrimal duct
A
The nasolacrimal duct (also called the tear duct) carries tears from the lacrimal sac of the eye into the nasal cavity. The duct begins in the eye socket between the maxillary and lacrimal bones, from where it passes downwards and backwards.
21
Q
sphenoid bone
A
a compound bone that forms the base of the cranium, behind the eye and below the front part of the brain. It has two pairs of broad lateral “wings” and a number of other projections, and contains two air-filled sinuses.
22
Q
Sphenoid bone sella turcica
A
The sphenoid bone has a superior depression called the sella turcica, Latin for “Turkish saddle,” where the pituitary gland is found. The availability of modern radiological imaging techniques has replaced plain radiography of the sella turcica in the investigation of hypothalamo-pituitary abnormalities.
23
Q
Sphenoid Sinuses (not visible)
A
A type of paranasal sinus (a hollow space in the bones around the nose). There are two large sphenoid sinuses in the sphenoid bone, which is behind the nose between the eyes. The sphenoid sinuses are lined with cells that make mucus to keep the nose from drying out.
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Q
Sphenoid Foramen Rotundum
A
The foramen rotundum is a circular opening in the base of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, found posterior to the medial end of the superior orbital fissure. This foramen allows passage for the maxillary nerve, the second branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
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Sphenoid Foramen Ovale
The foramen ovale is an oval opening in the greater wing of sphenoid bone transmitting the mandibular nerve as its major content. It serves as an important landmark for neurosurgeons in certain procedures as to gain access to trigeminal nerve
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ethmoid bone
The ethmoid bone is an unpaired cranial bone that is a significant component of the upper nasal cavity and the nasal septum. The ethmoid bone also constitutes the medial orbit wall.
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ethmoid sinuses
The ethmoid sinuses are located at the top of your nose (the bridge) between or just below the eyes. A sinus infection in the ethmoid area signifies that mucus has built up in this area of your nose – often due to inflammation of the nasal passages.
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Turbinates (also called nasal conchae, superior and middle)
The nasal conchae (also known as turbinates) are bony plates located on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. There are three nasal conchae in each nasal cavity including the superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae.
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crista galli
The crista galli (Latin: "crest of the rooster") is the upper part of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone of the skull. It rises above the cribriform plate. The falx cerebri (a fold of the dura mater surrounding the brain) attaches to the crista galli.
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Cribiform Plate
In mammalian anatomy, the cribriform plate, horizontal lamina or lamina cribrosa is part of the ethmoid bone. It is received into the ethmoidal notch of the frontal bone and roofs in the nasal cavities.
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Perpendicular Plate
The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (vertical plate) is a thin, flattened lamina, polygonal in form, which descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate, and assists in forming the septum of the nose; it is generally deflected a little to one or other side. The anterior border articulates with the spine of the frontal bone and the crest of the nasal bones.
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inferior nasal concha
The inferior nasal concha (inferior turbinated bone or inferior turbinal/turbinate) is one of the three paired nasal conchae in the nose. It extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and consists of a lamina of spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll, (turbinate meaning inverted cone)
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Vomer bone
The vomer is a small bone of the viscerocranium (or facial skeleton). It is located in the midsagittal plane of the skull, forming the posteroinferior part of the nasal septum, where it runs in an anteroinferior direction.
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palatine bones
The palatine bones are situated at the back of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. They contribute to the walls of three cavities: the floor and lateral walls of the nasal cavity, the roof of the mouth, and the floor of the orbits.
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Posterior Palatine Foramina
The greater palatine foramen is the opening in the posterior hard palate of the greater palatine canal, which is formed between the articulation of maxillary bone and the greater palatine sulcus of palatine bone. The canal is also known as the pterygopalatine canal.
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Occipital Bone
the bone that forms the back and base of the skull, and through which the spinal cord passes.
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Foramen Magnum
The foramen magnum functions as a passage of the central nervous system through the skull connecting the brain with the spinal cord. On either side of the foramen magnum is an occipital condyle. These condyles form joints with the first cervical vertebra.
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Occipital Condyles
The human Occipital Condyle (OC) is the distinctive bony structure linking the skull and the vertebral column [1]. The OC partly cover the fringe of the foramen magnum anteriorly and form an articulation with the superior articular facets on the lateral masses of the atlas inferiorly.
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Hypoglossal Canal
Hypoglossal Canal (HC) is a paired bony passage which is situated above the Occipital Condyle (OC) and transmits hypoglossal nerve and blood vessels.
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Maxillary Bones (maxillae)
The maxilla is the bone that forms your upper jaw. The right and left halves of the maxilla are irregularly shaped bones that fuse together in the middle of the skull, below the nose, in an area known as the intermaxillary suture. The maxilla is a major bone of the face.
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Anterior Nasal Spine
The anterior nasal spine, or anterior nasal spine of maxilla, is a bony projection in the skull that serves as a cephalometric landmark.[1] The anterior nasal spine is the projection formed by the fusion of the two maxillary bones at the intermaxillary suture. It is placed at the level of the nostrils, at the uppermost part of the philtrum and rarely fractures.
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Maxillary Sinuses (not visible)
A type of paranasal sinus (a hollow space in the bones around the nose). There are two large maxillary sinuses, one in each of the maxillary bones, which are in the cheek area next to the nose. The maxillary sinuses are lined with cells that make mucus to keep the nose from drying out.
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palatine process (of maxilla)
In human anatomy of the mouth, the palatine process of maxilla (palatal process), is a thick, horizontal process of the maxilla. It forms the anterior three quarters of the hard palate, the horizontal plate of the palatine bone making up the rest.
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Incisive Foramen (anterior Palatine Foramen)
The incisive foramen (also known as nasopalatine foramen or anterior palatine foramen) is the oral opening of the nasopalatine canal. It is located in the maxilla in the incisive fossa, midline in the palate posterior to the central incisors, at the junction of the medial palatine and incisive sutures.
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infraorbital foramen of maxilla
In human anatomy, the infraorbital foramen is one of two small holes in the skull's upper jawbone (maxillary bone), located below the eye socket and to the left and right of the nose. Both holes are used for blood vessels and nerves. In anatomical terms, it is located below the infraorbital margin of the orbit.
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Mandible
In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton.[2] It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone of the skull (discounting the ossicles of the middle ear).[3] It is connected to the temporal bones by the temporomandibular joints.
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Condyler Process (AKA - Mandibular condyle)
The condyloid process or condylar process is the process on the human and other mammalian species' mandibles that ends in a condyle, the mandibular condyle. It is thicker than the coronoid process of the mandible and consists of two portions: the condyle and the constricted portion which supports it, the neck.
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Coronoid Process
The coronoid process acts as a bony buttress to prevent posterior dislocation and has three soft tissue insertions which lend stability as well: the anterior joint capsule of the elbow, the brachialis muscle and the medial ulnar collateral ligament.
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Ramus of Mandible
The ramus contributes to the lateral portion of the mandible on either side. The coronoid process and condyloid process are located at the superior aspect of the ramus. The coronoid process is anterior and the condyloid process is posterior; the two are separated by the mandibular notch
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Mandibular Foramen
The mandibular foramen is a bony canal formed within the mandible. This bony canal opens on the inner side of the mandibular ramus. The opening is directly inferior to the mandibular notch and ends at the mental foramen. The foramen follows the shape of the mandible.
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Body of Mandible
The mandible is the largest bone in the human skull. It holds the lower teeth in place, it assists in mastication and forms the lower jawline. The mandible is composed of the body and the ramus and is located inferior to the maxilla. The body is a horizontally curved portion that creates the lower jawline.
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Mental Foramen
The mental foramen is a bilateral opening in the vestibular portion of the mandible through which nerve endings, such as the mental nerve, emerge. In general, the mental foramen is located between the lower premolars. This region is a common area for the placement of dental implants.
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Orbit (not a structure)
The orbits are bony structures of the skull that house the globe, extraocular muscles, nerves, blood vessels, lacrimal apparatus, and adipose tissue. Each orbit protects the globe, while the supportive tissues allow the globe to move in three dimensions (horizontal, vertical, and torsional)
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Orbital Foramen (Optic Foramen)
The optic foramen is the opening to the optic canal. The canal is located in the sphenoid bone; it is bounded medially by the body of the sphenoid and laterally by the lesser wing of the sphenoid.
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Superior Orbital Fissure
The superior orbital fissure is a bony cleft found at the orbital apex between the roof and lateral wall. It is a communication between the orbital cavity and middle cranial fossa and is bounded by the greater wing, lesser wing and body of sphenoid.
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Inferior Orbital fissure
The IOF or sphenomaxillary fissure is defined as a space between the lateral wall and floor of the orbit. This fissure runs in an anterolateral direction from the maxillary strut posteriorly to the zygomatic bone anteriorly. The IOF joins the orbit with the pterygopalatine, infratemporal, and temporal fossae.
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Sutures
The sutures of the skull, also referred to as the cranial sutures, are fibrous joints that connect the bones of the skull. They appear as intricate thin lines that mark the adherence between the bones and the growth and closure of the cranial fontanelles.
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Sagittal
Sagittal synostosis– The sagittal suture runs along the top of the head, from the baby's soft spot near the front of the head to the back of the head. When this suture closes too early, the baby's head will grow long and narrow (scaphocephaly). It is the most common type of craniosynostosis.
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Squamous sutures
The squamous suture is a paired bilateral cranial suture that connects the temporal and parietal bones. More specifically, it binds the squama of the temporal bone and with the inferior margin of the parietal bone. The squamous suture is one of the most prominent sutures seen on the lateral view of the skull.
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Coronal sutures
The coronal suture is a dense and fibrous association of connection tissue located in between the frontal and parietal bones of the skull. At birth, the sutures decrease in size (molding) and allow the skull to become smaller. In children, the suture enables the skull to expand with the rapidly growing brain.
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Lambdoid sutures
The lambdoid suture (or lambdoidal suture) is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint on the posterior aspect of the skull that connects the parietal bones with the occipital bone.
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Wormian Bones
Wormian bones are abnormal ossicles that develop from extra ossification centers within the cranium. They are most frequently located in the lambdoid suture or the coronal suture, and have been seen in the fontanelles, particularly the posterior fontanelle.
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Frontal Sinuses
A type of paranasal sinus (a hollow space in the bones around the nose). There are two, large frontal sinuses in the frontal bone, which forms the lower part of the forehead and reaches over the eye sockets and eyebrows. The frontal sinuses are lined with cells that make mucus to keep the nose from drying out.
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Ethmoid Sinuses
The ethmoid sinuses are hollow spaces in the bones around the nose. They have a lining of mucus to help prevent the nose from drying out. Inflammation of the ethmoid sinuses can lead to pressure and pain around the nose and between the eyes
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Sphenoid Sinuses
A type of paranasal sinus (a hollow space in the bones around the nose). There are two large sphenoid sinuses in the sphenoid bone, which is behind the nose between the eyes. The sphenoid sinuses are lined with cells that make mucus to keep the nose from drying out.
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Maxillary Sinuses
A type of paranasal sinus (a hollow space in the bones around the nose). There are two large maxillary sinuses, one in each of the maxillary bones, which are in the cheek area next to the nose. The maxillary sinuses are lined with cells that make mucus to keep the nose from drying out.
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hyoid bone
The hyoid bone (hyoid) is a small U-shaped (horseshoe-shaped) solitary bone, situated in the midline of the neck anteriorly at the base of the mandible and posteriorly at the fourth cervical vertebra. Its anatomical position is just superior to the thyroid cartilage
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Frontal Fontanel/ Anterior fontanelle (also called soft spot).
This is the junction where the 2 frontal and 2 parietal bones meet. The anterior fontanelle remains soft until about 18 months to 2 years of age. Doctors can assess if there is increased intracranial pressure by feeling the anterior fontanelle.
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Occipital Fontanel
The posterior fontanelle (lambdoid fontanelle, occipital fontanelle) is a gap between bones in the human skull (known as fontanelle), triangular in form and situated at the junction of the sagittal suture and lambdoidal suture. It generally closes in 6–8 weeks from birth.
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Anterior Lateral Fontanels (Sphenoid fontanel)
The sphenoidal or anterolateral fontanelles are paired bilateral soft membranous gaps (fontanelles) at the junction of the coronal, sphenofrontal, sphenoparietal, sphenosquamosal, and squamosal sutures. Each sphenoidal fontanelle persists until approximately six months after birth, after which it is known as the pterion.
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Posterior Lateral Fontanels (Mastoid Fontanel)
The mastoid or posterolateral fontanelles are paired bilateral soft membranous gaps (fontanelles) at the junction of the parietomastoid, occipitomastoid, and lambdoid sutures. Each mastoid fontanelle persists until the second year of life, after which it is known as the asterion. It can be used as an additional sonographic window for performing cranial ultrasound to improve the visualization of the posterior fossa.
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Vertebral Column
The bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues that reach from the base of the skull to the tailbone. The vertebral column encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Also called backbone, spinal column, and spine.
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Body of vertebrae
The body of each vertebra is the large, round portion of bone. The body of each vertebra is attached to a bony ring. When the vertebrae are stacked one on top of the other, this ring creates a hollow tube where the spinal cord passes through. The bony ring attached to the vertebral body consists of several parts.
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Vertebral arch
the structure located posterior to the body. It consists of two pedicles and two laminae. The pedicles contain vertebral notches (superior, inferior) which form intervertebral foramina. These facilitate the passage of spinal nerves from the spinal cord. The pedicles, laminae, and body of each vertebra form a cavity (vertebral foramen). The vertebral canal is the space throughout the spinal column that is enclosed by the vertebral foramina.
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Vertebral Foramen (Neural Canal)
The intervertebral foramen, also called the neural foramen, is the opening between the vertebrae through which spinal nerve roots travel and exit to other parts of the body. The word "foramen" is the singular form, while "foramina" is the plural form.
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Vertebral Pedicle
Pedicles. Each vertebra has two cylinder-shaped projections (pedicles) of hard bone that stick out from the back part of the vertebral body, providing side protection for the spinal cord and nerves. The pedicles also serve as a bridge, joining the front and back parts of the vertebra.
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Vertebral Lamina
The lamina is the flattened or arched part of the vertebral arch, forming the roof of the spinal canal; the posterior part of the spinal ring that covers the spinal cord or nerves.
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Spinous Process (Dorsal Spine)
Spinous process is a bony projection off the posterior (back) of each vertebra. The spinous process protrudes where the laminae of the vertebral arch join and provides the point of attachment for muscles and ligaments of the spine.
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Transverse Process
Transverse process is a small bony projection off the right and left side of each vertebrae.
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Articular Process
The articular processes of a vertebra are projections of the vertebra that serve the purpose of fitting with an adjacent vertebra.
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Superior Facets
The superior costal facet (or superior costal fovea) is a site where a rib forms a joint with the top of a vertebra.
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Inferior Facets
The inferior costal facet (or inferior costal fovea) is a site where a rib forms a joint with the inferior aspect of the body of a thoracic vertebra.
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Intervertebral Discs
The intervertebral discs provide cushioning between vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. While the discs in the lower (lumbar ) region of the spine are most often affected in intervertebral disc disease, any part of the spine can have disc degeneration
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intervertebral foramen
The intervertebral foramen serves as the doorway between the spinal canal and periphery. It lies between the pedicles of neighboring vertebrae at all levels in the spine. A number of categorization schemes have been attempted to describe the boundaries of the intervertebral foramen.
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Cervical Vertebrae (7)
The cervical spine (neck region) consists of seven bones (C1-C7 vertebrae), which are separated from one another by intervertebral discs. These discs allow the spine to move freely and act as shock absorbers during activity.
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Transverse Foramina
The transverse foramen (foramen transversarium) of cervical vertebrae is an opening that is occupied by the vertebral artery and vein in the first six vertebrae and only the vertebral vein in the seventh. The vertebral artery is of particular importance because it serves the brain and spinal cord.
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Atlas (C-1)
The atlas (plural: atlases) is the first cervical vertebra, commonly called C1. It is an atypical cervical vertebra with unique features. It articulates with the dens of the axis and the occiput, respectively allowing rotation of the head, and flexion, extension and lateral flexion of the head
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Axis C2
The axis (C2) cervical vertebra is the second vertebra of the spine. It is unique in that it contains the odontoid process — odontoid means “tooth” and that is what this bone looks like — that forms a pivot point on which C1 atlas can rotate. Injuries to the odontoid are common in motor vehicle accidents and falls.
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Dens or Odontoid Process
The odontoid process, or dens, is a superior projecting bony element from the second cervical vertebrae (C2, or the axis). The first cervical vertebrae (atlas) rotates around the odontoid process to provide the largest single component of lateral rotation of the cervical spine.
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Vertebra Prominens (C-7)
Vertebra prominens is the name of the seventh cervical vertebra. The 7th cervical vertebra (C7) is the largest and most inferior vertebra in the neck region. Unlike the other cervical vertebrae, the C7 has a large spinous process that protrudes posteriorly toward the skin at the back of the neck.
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Thoracic Vertebrae (12)
The thoracic region contains 12 vertebrae, denoted T1-T12. The intervertebral discs, along with the laminae, pedicles, and articular processes of adjacent vertebrae, create a space through which spinal nerves exit. The thoracic vertebrae, as a group, produce a kyphotic curve
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Thoracic Vertebrae Rib Facets
There are six facets per thoracic vertebrae: two on the transverse processes and four demifacets—the facets of the transverse processes articulate with the tubercle of the associated rib. The demifacets are bilaterally paired and located on the superior and inferior posterolateral aspects of the vertebrae.
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Lumbar Vertebrae
Your lumbar vertebrae, known as L1 to L5, are the largest of your entire spine. Your lumbar spine is located below your 12 chest (thoracic) vertebra and above the five fused bones that make up your triangular-shaped sacrum bone.
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Sacral Vertebrae Sacrum
The sacrum, sometimes called the sacral vertebra or sacral spine (S1), is a large, flat triangular shaped bone nested between the hip bones and positioned below the last lumbar vertebra (L5). The coccyx, commonly known as the tailbone, is below the sacrum.
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Sacral Foramina
The anterior (or pelvic) sacral foramina are openings in the concave anterior surface of the sacrum through which the anterior divisions of the sacral nerves and the lateral sacral arteries pass.
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Sternum
The sternum is a partially T-shaped vertical bone that forms the anterior portion of the chest wall centrally. The sternum is divided anatomically into three segments: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The sternum connects the ribs via the costal cartilages forming the anterior rib cage.
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Manubrium of sternum
The manubrium is the broad superior segment, the body is the middle portion, and the xiphoid process is a narrower distal segment forming the partial T-shape
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Gladiolus (body)
The sternal body or gladiolus is the middle and largest of the three parts of the sternum.
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Xiphoid Process
the cartilaginous section at the lower end of the sternum, which is not attached to any ribs, and gradually ossifies during adult life.
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Suprasternal Notch (Jugular Notch)
The suprasternal notch, also known as the fossa jugularis sternalis, jugular notch, or Plender gap, is a large, visible dip in between the neck in humans, between the clavicles, and above the manubrium of the sternum.
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Sternal Angle (Angle of Louis)
The sternal angle (angle of Louis) is the anterior angle formed by the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum which varies around 162 degrees in males.
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Costal Cartilages
The costal cartilage are segments of cartilage that connect the sternum to the ribs and help to extend the ribs into a forward motion. This cartilage also contributes to elasticity within the walls of the thorax, allowing the chest to expand during respiration
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True ribs
True rib: One of the first 7 pairs of ribs. A rib is said to be "true" if it attaches to the sternum (the breast bone). All 12 pairs of ribs attach to the building blocks of the spine (vertebrae) in the back.
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False ribs
The 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs—false ribs—do not join the sternum directly but are connected to the 7th rib by cartilage.
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Floating ribs
The 11th and 12th pairs—floating ribs—are half the size of the others and do not reach to the front of the body.
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Clavicle -
collarbone
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Medial (sternal) end
Sternal or medial end (extremitas sternalis) is the rounded end of the clavicle that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum.
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Lateral (acromial) end
Acromial or lateral end (extremitas acromialis) is the flattened end of the clavicle that articulates with acromion of the scapula.
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Scapula
The scapula or shoulder blade is a flat, triangular-shaped bone that lies adjacent to the posterior surface of ribs 2-7.
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Supraspinous Fossa
The supraspinous fossa (supraspinatus fossa, supraspinatous fossa) of the posterior aspect of the scapula (the shoulder blade) is smaller than the infraspinous fossa, concave, smooth, and broader at its vertebral than at its humeral end.
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Spine of scapula
The posterior surface of the scapula (or shoulder blade) has a prominent ridge of bone know as the spine of scapula. It is a shelf-like projection that separates the posterior surface of the scapula into two parts: the superior supraspinous fossa and the inferior infraspinous fossa.
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Infraspinous Fossa of scapula
The structure indicated is the infraspinous fossa of the scapula. It is called the infraspinous fossa because it lies below (infra) the spine of the scapula (-spinous).
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Suprascapular Notch (Scapular Notch)
The suprascapular notch (or scapular notch) is a notch in the superior border of the scapula, just medial to the base of the coracoid process. It forms the entrance site into the suprascapular canal.
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Coracoid Process
The coracoid process is a hook-shaped bone. structure that projects anterolaterally from the. superior aspect of the scapular neck.
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Acromion Process
The acromion process is the origin of the acromial head of the deltoid muscle, which courses distally and covers the scapular neck.
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Glenoid Cavity (Glenoid Fossa)
The glenoid fossa of the scapula or the glenoid cavity is a bone part of the shoulder. The word glenoid is pronounced /ˈɡliːnɔɪd/ or /ˈɡlɛnɔɪd/ (both are common) and is from Greek: gléne, "socket", reflecting the shoulder joint's ball-and-socket form.[1] It is a shallow, pyriform articular surface, which is located on the lateral angle of the scapula. It is directed laterally and forward and articulates with the head of the humerus; it is broader below than above and its vertical diameter is the longest.
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Humerus
the bone of the upper arm or forelimb, forming joints at the shoulder and the elbow.
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Proximal Head
The proximal humerus includes an ellipsoidal humeral head covered with hyaline articular cartilage. The anatomic neck consists of a bony transition from cartilage to capsular attachment and tendinous insertion. The tuberosities are located lateral to the anatomic neck.
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Greater Tubercle
The greater tubercle of the humerus is the outward part the upper end of that bone, adjacent to the large rounded prominence of the humerus head. It provides attachment points for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles, three of the four muscles of the rotator cuff, a muscle group that stabilizes the shoulder joint. In doing so the tubercle acts as a location for the transfer of forces from the rotator cuff muscles to the humerus.
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Lesser Tubercle of humerus
The lesser tubercle is located on the craniomedial part of the proximal extremity of humerus. It gives insertion for the muscles of the shoulder blade (infraspinous and supraspinous muscles).
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Distal Head of humerus
The distal humerus is the lower end of the humerus. It forms the upper part of the elbow and makes it possible for your forearm to bend and straighten. The radial head is the knobby end of the radius where it meets the elbow.
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Medial Epicondyle of humerus
The medial epicondyle of the humerus is an epicondyle of the humerus bone of the upper arm in humans. It is larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle and is directed slightly more posteriorly in the anatomical position. In birds, where the arm is somewhat rotated compared to other tetrapods, it is called the ventral epicondyle of the humerus. In comparative anatomy, the more neutral term entepicondyle is used.
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Trochlea of humerus
In the human arm, the humeral trochlea is the medial portion of the articular surface of the elbow joint which articulates with the trochlear notch on the ulna in the forearm.
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Capitulum of humerus
the capitulum of the humerus is a smooth, rounded eminence on the lateral portion of the distal articular surface of the humerus. It articulates with the cupshaped depression on the head of the radius, and is limited to the front and lower part of the bone.
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Lateral Epicondyle of humerus
The bump on the outer side of the elbow is called the lateral epicondyle.
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Olecranon Fossa of humerus
The olecranon fossa is a deep triangular depression on the posterior side of the humerus, superior to the trochlea. It provides space for the olecranon of the ulna during extension of the forearm.
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Ulna
The ulna is one of the two forearm long bones that, in conjunction with the radius, make up the antebrachium. The bone spans from the elbow to the wrist on the medial side of the forearm when in anatomical position. In comparison to the radius, the ulna is described to be larger and longer.
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Proximal Head of ulna
The proximal ulna is hook-like in form which articulates with the trochlea of the humerus to create the hinge joint of the Elbow. The articulation is formed of the olecranon and the coronoid process.
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Coronoid Process of ulna
The coronoid process of the ulna is one of the bony structures that can be fractured and has an important role in the stability of elbows after dislocation.
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Trochlear Notch of ulna
The trochlear notch (/ˈtrɒklɪər/), also known as semilunar notch and greater sigmoid cavity, is a large depression in the upper extremity of the ulna that fits the trochlea of the humerus (the bone directly above the ulna in the arm) as part of the elbow joint.
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Olecranon Process of ulna
The olecranon is the tip of the ulna and serves as the insertion point for the triceps muscle—which straightens the elbow. The triceps muscle inserts into the olecranon process of the elbow and straightens the elbow. The biceps inserts into the radius and bends the elbow.
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Shaft of ulna
is the body of the bone that extends distal to the ulnar tuberosity.
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Distal Head of ulna
The lateral, distal end of the ulna is the head of the ulna. It articulates with the ulnar notch on the radius and with the triangular articular disc in the Wrist Joint
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Ulnar Styloid Process
Styloid process of the ulna (processeus styloideus ulnae) is a small projection that descends from the posterior portion of the ulnar head. It is an attachment point for the ulnar collateral ligament, which connects the ulna to the triquetral and pisiform carpal bones at the wrist.
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Radius
the radius is found in the lateral forearm, while the ulna is found in the medial forearm.
The radius is shorter than the ulna and has a small proximal end that articulates with the humerus, and a broad distal end that articulates with the carpal bones at the wrist. Compared to the radius, the dimensions of the ulna are reversed because it has a large proximal end which articulates with the humerus and a small distal end.
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Proximal Head of radius
The proximal end of the radius bears the head, neck and radial tuberosity. The disc-shaped head of the radius bears a concave superior surface which articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and forms part of the compound elbow joint.
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Radial tuberosity (Bicipital Tuberosity) of radius
Radial tuberosity (tuberositas radii) is an oval elevation on the proximal, medioanterior margin of the radius. It is an attachment point for biceps brachii muscle.
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Shaft of radius
Radial Shaft or body (corpus radii) is the elongated region of bone that extends distal to the neck.
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Distal Head radius
The distal radius is the end (distal) portion of the forearm bone (radius). It connects to the carpal bones at the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna, which is the other bone of the forearm.
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Radial Styloid Process
Styloid process of the radius (processus styloideus radii) is a thick, pointed, lateral projection from the distal end of bone. It forms the lateral portion of the wrist joint and serves as an attachment site for the brachioradialis muscle and radial (lateral) collateral ligament.
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Carpals ( 8 )
A set of eight irregularly shaped bones. These are located in the wrist area.
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Carpals ( 8 )
Proximal Row (lateral to medial)
* Scaphoid
* Lunate
* Triquetrum
* Pisiform (a sesamoid bone, formed within the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris)
Distal Row (lateral to medial)
* Trapezium
* Trapezoid
* Capitate
* Hamate (has a projection on its palmar surface, known as the ‘hook of hamate’
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Metacarpals
There are five metacarpals, each one related to a digit
The metacarpal bones articulate proximally with the carpals, and distally with the proximal phalanges. They are numbered, and each associated with a digit:
* Metacarpal I – Thumb.
* Metacarpal II – Index finger.
* Metacarpal III – Middle finger.
* Metacarpal IV – Ring finger.
* Metacarpal V – Little finger.
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Phalanges (Distal)
The bones of the fingers. Each finger has three phalanges, except for the thumb, which has two.
(distal, middle, and proximal)
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Pelvic Bone (Ox Coxa)
The hip bone (os coxae, innominate bone, pelvic bone[1] or coxal bone) is a large irregular bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. In some vertebrates (including humans before puberty) it is composed of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and the pubis.
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Ilium
the large broad bone forming the upper part of each half of the pelvis.
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Iliac Crest
The iliac crest is the ilium's top border, the largest of the three bones that make up the pelvis. The ilium bone has two parts: the body and the wing. To feel your ilium crest, put your hand on your waist and press firmly. You will feel a bony surface. That is your ilium crest.
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Anterior Superior Iliac Spine
The anterior superior iliac spine (abbreviated: ASIS) is a bony projection of the iliac bone, and an important landmark of surface anatomy. It refers to the anterior extremity of the iliac crest of the pelvis.
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Posterior Superior Iliac Spine
In most persons, the posterior superior iliac spine can be easily palpated as a bony prominence at the posterior end of the iliac crest.
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Greater Sciatic Notch
The greater sciatic notch is a notch in the ilium, one of the bones that make up the human pelvis. It lies between the posterior inferior iliac spine (above), and the ischial spine (below).
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Ischium
The ischium (Latin: os ischii) is a paired bone of the pelvis that forms the lower and back part of the hip bone, as well as the posterior and inferior boundary of the obturator foramen.
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Lesser Sciatic Notch
Below the ischial spine is a small notch, the lesser sciatic notch; it is smooth, coated in the recent state with cartilage, the surface of which presents two or three ridges corresponding to the subdivisions of the tendon of the Obturator internus, which winds over it.
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Ischial Spine
The ischial spine is a pointed process that extends from the posterior border of the superior aspect of the ischium at the level of the lower border of the acetabulum.
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Ischial Tuberosity
Your ischial tuberosity is the lower part of your pelvis that's sometimes referred to as your sit bones. It helps to absorb your weight when you sit. However, it can also cause pain when a nearby fluid-filled sac, called the ischial bursa, becomes inflamed and causes ischial bursitis.
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Ramus (Ischial Ramus)
The ramus of the ischium extends downwards from the body of ischium and then turns anteriorly and to unite with the inferior ramus of the pubic bone.
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Pubis (Pubic Bone)
The pubis is one of the three main bones that make up the pelvis. It's also called the pubic bone or the pelvic girdle. The pelvis is a structure located between the abdomen and thighs. The pubis is the most forward-facing bone of the pelvic bones.
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Pubic Crest
Medial to the pubic tubercle is the pubic crest, which extends from this process to the medial end of the pubic bone.
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Pubic Symphysis
The pubic symphysis is a joint sandwiched between your left pelvic bone and your right pelvic bone
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Superior Ramus of Pubic
The superior pubic ramus is one third of the pubic bone. It forms a portion of the obturator foramen and extends from the body to the median plane where it articulates with its counterpart from the opposite side.
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Inferior Ramus
The inferior pubic ramus is thin and flattened. It passes lateralward and downward from the medial end of the superior ramus; it becomes narrower as it descends and joins with the inferior ramus of the ischium below the obturator foramen.
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Acetabulum
the socket of the hipbone, into which the head of the femur fits.
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Obturator Foramen
The obturator foramen (Latin foramen obturatum) is the large opening created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and blood vessels pass.
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Femur
the bone of the thigh or upper hind limb, articulating at the hip and the knee.
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Head (Proximal Head) of femur
The femoral head is the most proximal portion of the femur and is supported by the femoral neck. It articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis.
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Neck (Surgical Neck) of femur
The femoral neck (femur neck or neck of the femur) is a flattened pyramidal process of bone, connecting the femoral head with the femoral shaft, and forming with the latter a wide angle opening medialward.
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Greater Trochanter of femur
The greater trochanter of the femur is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence and a part of the skeletal system.
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Lesser Trochanter of femur
The lesser trochanter is a small protuberance of bone that projects from the posterior aspect of the femur, inferomedially at the base of the femoral neck. Two muscles insert onto the lesser trochanter: Psoas major. Iliacus.
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Shaft of femur
The long, straight part of the femur (thighbone) is called the femoral shaft.
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Lateral Femoral Condyle
The lateral condyle is one of the two projections on the lower extremity of the femur. The other one is the medial condyle. The lateral condyle is the more prominent and is broader both in its front-to-back and transverse diameters.
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Medial Femoral Condyle
There are two femoral condyles. The medial femoral condyle is located on the inside part of the knee whereas the lateral femoral condyle, which is bigger, is located on the outside part of the knee.
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Patella
The patella is a small bone located in front of the knee joint — where the thighbone (femur) and shinbone (tibia) meet. It protects the knee and connects the muscles in the front of the thigh to the tibia.
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Tibia
The tibia is the main bone of the lower leg, forming what is more commonly known as the shin.
It expands at its proximal and distal ends; articulating at the knee and ankle joints respectively. The tibia is the second largest bone in the body and it is a key weight-bearing structure.
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Tibial Tuberosity
The tuberosity of the tibia or tibial tuberosity or tibial tubercle is an elevation on the proximal, anterior aspect of the tibia, just below where the anterior surfaces of the lateral and medial tibial condyles end. Tuberosity of the tibia. Lateral aspect of right leg.
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lateral tibial condyle
The lateral tibial condyle is convex in shape, thinner, weaker, and more proximal than the medial tibial condyle. The intercondylar eminence is a bony structure between the two condyles that serves as an attachment point for the anterior cruciate ligament.
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Medial Tibial Condyle
The medial condyle is the medial (or inner) portion of the upper extremity of tibia.
It is the site of insertion for the semimembranosus muscle.
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Tibial Tuberosity
The tuberosity of the tibia or tibial tuberosity or tibial tubercle is an elevation on the proximal, anterior aspect of the tibia, just below where the anterior surfaces of the lateral and medial tibial condyles end. Tuberosity of the tibia. Lateral aspect of right leg.
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Fibula
The fibula or calf bone is a leg bone on the lateral side of the tibia, to which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity is small, placed toward the back of the head of the tibia, below the knee joint and excluded from the formation of this joint. Its lower extremity inclines a little forward, so as to be on a plane anterior to that of the upper end; it projects below the tibia and forms the lateral part of the ankle joint.
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Proximal Head of fibula
The proximal fibula is the part of the bone that lives just below the knee joint on the outside. It's attached to the leg bone (tibia) via strong ligaments and there is a small joint here. There are many things that attach here, so it's a critical point where pain can occur.
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Distal Head of fibula
The distal end of the fibula forms the lateral malleolus which articulates with the lateral talus, creating part of the lateral ankle. The posterior and lateral tibia form the posterior and medial malleolus, respectively
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Lateral Malleolus of fibula
Lateral malleolus is the name given to the bone on the outside of the ankle joint, called the fibula. The most common type of ankle fracture is a lateral malleolus fracture, which can occur when the ankle is twisted or rolled.
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Tarsals (7)
The tarsal bones are 7 in number. They are named the calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and the medial, middle, and lateral cuneiforms.
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Metatarsals (5)
The metatarsal bones are the bones of the forefoot that connect the distal aspects of the cuneiform (medial, intermediate and lateral) bones and cuboid bone to the base of the five phalanges of the foot. There are five metatarsal bones, numbered one to five from the hallux (great toe) to the small toe.
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Phalanges (14)
The phalanges (single: phalanx) of the feet are the tubular bones of the toes. The second to fifth toes each contain a proximal, middle and distal phalanx whereas the great toe (hallux) only contains a proximal and distal phalanx
Proximal
Middle (except big toe)
Distal
