SKELETAL SYSTEM INTRODUCTION Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
The bones of the skeleton are part of the skeletal system, which also includes ____________, ____________, ____________
A
Joints, cartilages, and ligaments
2
Q
The skeleton is divided into two parts
A
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
3
Q
The bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body
A
Axial skeleton
4
Q
The bones of the limbs and girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton
A
Appendicular skeleton
5
Q
This gives parts of this skeleton, flexibility, and allow movement to occur
A
Joints
6
Q
The skeleton comes from the GREEK WORD meaning
A
Dried-up body
7
Q
Functions of the bone
5
A
support
Protection
Allow movement
Storage
Blood cell formation
8
Q
Hematopoiesis or blood cell formation occurs within the ____________
A
Marrow cavities of certain bones
9
Q
The adults skeleton is composed of ____________bones
A
206 bones
10
Q
Two basic types of osseous or bone tissue
A
Compact bone
Spongy bone
11
Q
Is dense and looks smooth and homogeneous
A
Compact bone
12
Q
Has a spiky open appearance like a sponge
A
Spongy bone
13
Q
The size of the femur or thigh bone
A
Nearly 2 feet long
14
Q
Bones are classified according to shape into four groups
A
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones
15
Q
This are typically longer than they are wide. They have a shaft with large ends.
A
Long bones
16
Q
Are mostly compact bone but also contains spongy bone at the end
A
Long bones
17
Q
Long bones examples
A
The bones of the LIMBS except the patella (kneecap), the wrist and ankle bones
18
Q
are thin flattened and usually curve type of bones
A
Flat bones
19
Q
They have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them
A
Flat bones
20
Q
Flat bones examples
A
Most bones of the SKULL, the RIBS, and the STERNUM(breastbone)
21
Q
are generally cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone
A
Short bones
22
Q
SHORT BONES EXAMPLES
A
Wrist
Ankle
23
Q
which form within tendons, are a special type of short bone. The best-known example is the PATELLA.
A
Sesamoid bones
24
Q
Like short bones, they are mainly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone. Bones that do not fit one of the preceding categories are called
A
Irregular bones
25
Example of irregular bones
Vertebrae
26
Bones are organs, so they contain not only osseous tissue but also other connective tissues
fibrous tissue
cartilage
adipose tissue
blood.
27
in a long bone, makes up most of the bone's length and is composed of COMPACT BONE
diaphysis
28
The diaphysis is covered and protected by a fibrous connective tissue membrane,
periosteum
29
Hundreds of connective tissue fibers that secure the periosteum to the underlying bone are called
perforating fibers, or Sharpey's fibers
30
are the ends of long bones and consists of a thin layer of com- pact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone.
epiphyses
31
Instead of a periosteum, articular cartilage covers its external surface. Because the articular cartilage is glassy ______________, it provides a smooth surface that decreases friction at the joint when covered by lubricating fluid.
hyaline cartilage
32
is a remnant the epiphyseal plate seen in a young, growing bone.
epiphyseal line
33
a flat plate of hyaline cartilage
epiphyseal plate
34
This cause the LENGTHWISE GROWTH of a long bone. By the end of puberty, when hormones inhibit long bone growth, moreover, have been completely replaced by bone, leaving only the epiphyseal
lines to mark their previous location.
epiphyseal plates
35
The inner bony surface of the shaft is covered by a delicate connective tissue called
endosteum
36
In infants, the cavity of the shaft, called the_________________ is a storage area for red marrow, which produces blood cells.
medullary cavity
37
Children's bones contain red marrow until the age of 6 or 7, when it is gradually replaced by yellow marrow, which stores __________________________
adipose (fat) tissue.
38
In adult bones, red marrow is confined to cavities in the spongy bone of the axial skeleton, the hip bones, and the epiphyses of long bones such as the humerus and femur.
true
39
surface of the epiphysis is covered with
hyaline cartilage
40
surface of the diaphysis is covered with
periosteum
41
These __________ reveal where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach and where blood vessels and nerves pass.
bone markings
42
There are two categories of bone markings:
(a) projections or processes
(b) depressions, or cavities
43
a category of bone markings which grow out from the bone surface
projections or processes
44
Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachment
BONE MARKINGS
Tuberosity
Crest
Trochanter
Line
Tubercle
Epicondyle
Spine
Process
45
Large, rounded projection; may be
roughened
Tuberosity
46
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Crest
47
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (ex. FEMUR)
Trochanter
48
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest
Line
49
Small, rounded projection or process
Tubercle
50
Raised area on or above a condyle
Epicondyle
51
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Spine
52
Any bony prominence
Process
53
For passage of blood vessels and nerves
Depressions and openings
54
BONE MARKINGS in Depressions and openings
[7]
groove
fissure
foramen
notch
meatus
sinus
fossa
55
Projections that help to form joints
Head
[4]
head
facet
condyle
Ramus
56
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Head
Head
57
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Facet
58
Rounded articular projection
Condyle
59
Armlike bar of bone
Ramus
60
Furrow
groove
61
Narrow, slitlike opening
fissure
62
round or oval opening through a bone
Foramen
63
Indentation at the edge of a structure
Notch
64
Canal- or tunnel-like passageway
meatus
65
Cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Sinus
66
Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
Fossa
67
a category of bone markings which are indentations in the bone
depressions, or cavities
68
There is a little trick for remembering some of the bone markings listed in the table: All the terms beginning with T are ____________, and the terms beginning with F (except facet) are ________________.
T are PROJECTIONS
F (except facet) are DEPRESSION
69
Under a microscope, you can see that SPONGY BONE is composed of small needlelike pieces of bone called _________ and lots of "open" space filled by marrow, blood vessels and nerves
Microscopic Anatomy
trabeculae
70
In compact bone, the mature bone cells (osteocytes) are found within the bone matrix in tiny cavities called
lacunae
71
The lacunae are arranged in concentric circles called
lamellae
72
Lamellae are arranged around ____________
central canals (also called Haversian canals)
73
Each complex consisting of a central canal and matrix rings is called an _____________, and is the structural and functional unit of compact bone
osteon, or Haversian system
74
________________ run lengthwise through the bony matrix, carrying blood vessels and nerves to all areas of the bone
Central canals
75
Tiny canals radiate outward from the central canals to all lacunae.
canaliculi
76
It forms a transportation system that connects all the bone cells to the nutrient supply and waste removal services through the hard bone matrix.
canaliculi
77
the communication pathway from the outside of the bone to its interior (and the central canals) is completed by_____________, which run in the compact bone at right angles to the shaft (diaphysis) and central canals.
perforating canals/ Volkmann's canals
78
is one of the hardest materials in the body, and although relatively light in weight, it has a remarkable ability to resist tension and other forces acting on it. Nature has given us an extremely strong and exceptionally simple supporting system that also allows mobility.
Bone
79
are deposited in the matrix give bone its hardness, which resists compression.
calcium salts
80
the hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with bone matrix (a bone "collar") by bone-building cells called
osteoblasts
81
By birth or shortly after, most hyaline cartilage models have been converted to bone except for two regions
articular cartilages
epiphyseal plates.
82
osteoblasts in the periosteum add bone matrix to the outside of the diaphysis as cells called
osteoclasts
83
This process by which bones increase in diameter is called
appositional growth
84
Bones are re- modeled continually in response to changes in two factors:
(1) the calcium ion level in the blood and (2) the pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton.
85
giant bone-destroying cells in bones
osteoclasts
86
is essential if bones are to retain normal proportions and strength during long- bone growth as the body increases in size and weight.
Bone remodeling
87
it determines when bone is to be broken down or formed in response to the need for more or fewer calcium ions in the blood
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
88
is a disease of children in which the bones fail to calcify.
is usually due to a lack of calcium in the diet or lack of vitamin D, which is needed to absorb calcium into the bloodstream
Rickets
89
A fracture in which the bone breaks cleanly but does not penetrate the skin is called___
a closed (or simple) fracture.
90
When the broken bone ends penetrate through the skin, the fracture is
open fracture (or compound).
91
A fracture is treated by__________, which is the realignment of the broken bone ends, followed by immobilization.
reduction
92
in a type of reduction that the bone ends are coaxed back into their normal position by the physician's hands.
closed reduction
93
type of reduction which surgery is performed, and the bone ends are secured together
open reduction
94
Bone breaks into three or more fragments
Particularly common in older people, whose bones are more
brittle
Comminuted
95
Bone is crushed
Common in porous bones (i.e., osteoporotic bones of older people)
Compression
96
Broken bone portion is pressed inward
Typical of skull fracture
Depressed
97
Broken bone ends are forced into each other
Commonly occurs when someone attempts to break a fall with outstretched arms
Impacted
98
Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
Common sports fracture
Spiral
99
Bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green twig breaks
Common in children, whose bones are more flexible than those of adults
Greenstick
100
The healing time for a simple fracture is __________weeks but is much longer for large bones and for the bones of older people (because of their poorer circulation).
6 to 8 weeks
101
The repair of bone fractures involves four major events
1) hematoma forms
2) fibrocartilage callus forms
3) bony callus forms
4) Bone remodeling occurs
102
Blood vessels are ruptured when the bone breaks. As a result, a blood- filled swelling, or bruise.
Bone cells deprived of
nutrition die.
hematoma forms
103
Two early events of tissue repair are the growth of new capillaries (granulation tissue) into the clotted blood at the site of the damage and disposal of dead tissue by phagocytes.
fibrocartilage callus forms
104
As more osteoblasts and osteoclasts migrate into the area and multi- ply, the fibrocartilage callus is gradually replaced by the bony callus made of spongy bone.
bony callus forms
105
Over the next few weeks to months, depending on the bone's size and site of the break, the bony callus is remodeled in response to the mechanical stresses placed on it, so that it forms a strong, permanent "patch" at the fracture site.
Bone remodeling occurs
