Skeletal System (Questions - EXAM #2)

Question 1

What are the two types of bone tissue?

Answer 1

Compact bone and spongy bone.

Question 2

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

Answer 2

The osteon.

Question 3

Name the components of an osteon.

Answer 3

Lamellae, lacunae (with osteocytes), canaliculi, central canal, and perforating canal.

Question 4

What is the purpose of canaliculi in compact bone?

Answer 4

They connect osteocytes to each other and to the blood supply.

Question 5

What structure in spongy bone contains bone marrow?

Answer 5

Spaces within trabeculae.

Question 6

In anatomical position, how are the feet, face, and palms oriented?

Answer 6

Feet, face, and palms are forward.

Question 7

What directional terms describe “toward the body’s midline” and “away from the midline”?

Answer 7

Medial (toward midline) and lateral (away from midline).

Question 8

What are the two divisions of the skeletal system?

Answer 8

The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

Question 9

Which bones form the axial skeleton?

Answer 9

Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

Question 10

What structures are included in the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 10

Pectoral and pelvic girdles, upper and lower limbs.

Question 11

What are the three main bone groupings of the skull?

Answer 11

Cranium, facial bones, and auditory ossicles.

Question 12

How many cranial bones are there, and name one.

Answer 12

There are eight cranial bones, one example is the frontal bone.

Question 13

Which two bones form the hard palate?

Answer 13

The palatine bones and maxillae.

Question 14

Does the hyoid bone articulate with other bones?

Answer 14

No, it does not articulate with other bones.

Question 15

What is the function of the hyoid bone?

Answer 15

It assists in swallowing and attaches muscles of the tongue and neck.

Question 16

How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column, and how are they divided?

Answer 16

26 vertebrae divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx regions.

Question 17

Which vertebrae allows the “yes” nodding motion?

Answer 17

C1 (Atlas) allows the “yes” nodding motion.

Question 18

Which vertebra has a dens for the “no” rotation motion?

Answer 18

C2 (Axis) has a dens (odontoid process) for rotation.

Question 19

What are the three parts of the sternum?

Answer 19

Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

Question 20

How many pairs of ribs are there, and which are considered “floating ribs”?

Answer 20

12 pairs of ribs; the 11th and 12th pairs are floating ribs.

Question 21

What two bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Answer 21

Clavicle and scapula.

Question 22

What part of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus?

Answer 22

The glenoid cavity.

Question 23

What three bones form each hip bone (os coxae)?

Answer 23

Ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Question 24

What joint connects the pubic bones at the front of the pelvis?

Answer 24

The pubic symphysis.

Question 25

What bones make up the arm and forearm?

Answer 25

Humerus, radius (lateral), and ulna (medial).

Question 26

What bones make up the thigh and leg?

Answer 26

Femur, patella, tibia (medial), and fibula (lateral).

Question 27

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

Answer 27

Diaphysis.

Question 28

Where does bone growth in length occur?

Answer 28

At the epiphyseal plate.

Question 29

What is the function of the medullary cavity?

Answer 29

It contains red marrow in children and yellow marrow in adults.

Question 30

What type of cartilage covers the ends of long bones at joints?

Answer 30

Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage).

Question 31

What defines an articulation or joint in the skeletal system?

Answer 31

It's the point of contact between two or more bones.

Question 32

What are the two main classifications of joints?

Answer 32

Structural and functional classifications.

Question 33

On what two factors is structural classification of joints based?

Answer 33

Presence or absence of a joint cavity and the type of connective tissue joining the bones.

Question 34

What are the three types of structural joints?

Answer 34

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.

Question 35

Do fibrous joints have a joint cavity?

Answer 35

No, they do not have a joint cavity.

Question 36

What type of tissue connects bones in fibrous joints?

Answer 36

Fibrous connective tissue.

Question 37

Give an example of a fibrous joint.

Answer 37

Sutures in the skull.

Question 38

What connects bones in cartilaginous joints?

Answer 38

Cartilage.

Question 39

Name an example of a cartilaginous joint.

Answer 39

They have a joint cavity and allow free movement.

Question 40

What are synovial joints known for?

Answer 40

They have a joint cavity and allow free movement.

Question 41

What is the function of the articular cartilage in synovial joints?

Answer 41

It reduces friction between articulating bones.

Question 42

What fills the joint cavity in synovial joints?

Answer 42

Synovial fluid.

Question 43

Describe the layers of the articular capsule in synovial joints.

Answer 43

The outer fibrous capsule attaches to the periosteum, and the inner synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid.

Question 44

What type of movement is allowed by plane or gliding joints?

Answer 44

Sliding movements along flat surfaces.

Question 45

Give an example of a plane or gliding joint.

Answer 45

The sacroiliac joint.

Question 46

What structure characterizes a hinge joint?

Answer 46

It has concave and convex surfaces that allow bending and straightening movements.

Question 47

Name two examples of hinge joints.

Answer 47

Elbow and knee joints.

Question 48

What is a pivot joint, and provide an example.

Answer 48

A joint with a projection fitting into a ring, such as the dens (on axis) in the atlas.

Question 49

What type of joint allows the greatest range of movement?

Answer 49

The ball and socket joint.

Question 50

Give two examples of ball and socket joints.

Answer 50

The shoulder joint (humerus in the glenoid fossa) and hip joint (femur in the acetabulum).

Question 51

What is functional classification of joints based on?

Answer 51

The degree of movement allowed.

Question 52

What are the three types of functional joints?

Answer 52

Synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic.

Question 53

Define a synarthrotic joint and give an example.

Answer 53

A joint that is immovable, such as the sutures in the skull.

Question 54

What is an amphiarthrotic joint, and give an example.

Answer 54

A slightly movable joint, like the pubic symphysis.

Question 55

Describe a diarthrotic joint and provide an example.

Answer 55

A freely movable joint, such as the hip or shoulder.