Skeletal System (week 3)

Question 1

what are the functions of bones?

Answer 1

• support the body
• protection of soft organs
• allow movement
• stores mineral and fats
• blood cell formation

Question 2

what are the basic types of bone(osseous) tissue

Answer 2

1. compact (cortical) bone

2. spongy (trabecular) bone

Question 3

what are the 4 different classifications of bones?

Answer 3

long bone, short, flat, irregular

Question 4

describe a long bone

Answer 4

• shaft with epiphyses ends

- contain mostly compact bone; but spongy at ends

Question 5

what are the components of a long bone?

Answer 5

• proximal and distal epiphysis
• a diaphysis (composed of mainly compact bone)
• medullary cavity enclosed by endosteum
• periosteum
• compact and spongy bone
• yellow bone marrow
• perforating (sharpey’s fibres)

Question 6

describe a short bone

Answer 6

• generally cube shaped

- contain mostly spongy bone with outerlayer of compact bone

Question 7

describe a flat bone

Answer 7

• thin, flattened and usually curved

- 2 layers of compact bone which sandwich a layer of spongy bone

Question 8

describe irregular bones

Answer 8

• irregular shape

- do not fit into other bone classification categories

Question 9

what are bone markings?

Answer 9

sites of attachments for muscles, tendons and ligaments

Question 10

what are the functions of bone markings

Answer 10

passages for nerves and blood vessels

Question 11

what are the 2 categories of bone markings?

Answer 11

projections (processes) or depressions (cavities)

Question 12

what are projections?

Answer 12

grow out of the bone surface

-> all begin with ‘T’

Question 13

what are depressions?

Answer 13

indentations

-> all begin with “f” (except facet)

Question 14

what are the components of the axial skeleton?

Answer 14

• skull
• vertebrae column
• chest

Question 15

what are the components of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 15

(bones) :
- shoulder girdle
- arms, hands
- legs, feet
- pelvic girdle

Question 16

what kind of bones are in the skull?

Answer 16

cranial bones and facial bones

Question 17

how many cranial bones are there?

Answer 17

8 cranial bones, (2 pairs)

Question 18

what kind of bones are in the cranial bones?

Answer 18

front bone (1), occipital bone (2), ethmoid bone (3), sphenoid bone (4), parietal bones (5,6), temporal bones (7,8)

Question 19

how many facial bones are there?

Answer 19

14 facial bones (5 pairs)

Question 20

name the facial bones

Answer 20

maxillae (1,2), palatine bones (3,4), lacrimal bones (5,6), Zygomatic bones (7,8), nasal bones (9,10), vomer bone (11), inferior nasal conchae (12,13), mandible (14)

Question 21

what is the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 21

hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

Question 22

what is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

Answer 22

amplify the sounds made as we speak

Question 23

what is unique about the hyoid bone?

Answer 23

it is the only bone that does not articulate with another bone

Question 24

what is the function of the hyoid bone?

Answer 24

serves as a movable base for the tongue and aids in swallowing and speech

Question 25

what is the function of the vertebral column (spine)?

Answer 25

provides axial support (extends from the skull to pelvis)

Question 26

how many vertebral bones are separated by intervertebral discs?

Answer 26

26

Question 27

list the 26 vertebral bones

Answer 27

-7 cervical vertebral (neck area) -12 thoracic vertebrae (chest region) -5 lumbar vertebrae (lower back) + sacrum (fusion of 5 vertebrae) *coccyx (fusion of 3-5 vertebrae)

Question 28

what is the thoracic cage composed of?

Answer 28

1. sternum (manubrium, body, xiphoid process 2. ribs true ribs (pairs 1-7) false ribs ( pairs 8-12) floating ribs (pairs 11-12) 3. thoracic vertebrae

Question 29

list the bones of the upper limb

Answer 29

- humerus (forms the arm) - ulna (arm) - radius (arm) - carpals (wrist) - metacarpals (palm bones) - phalanges (fingers and thumb)

Question 30

list the bones of the pelvic girdle

Answer 30

- llium - ischium - pubis

Question 31

list the bones of the lower limbs

Answer 31

- femur (thigh bone) - tibia (lower leg) - fibula (lower led) - tarsals - metatarsals - phalanges

Question 32

what are joints?

Answer 32

articulations; where 2 or more bones meet

Question 33

what is the function of joints?

Answer 33

- hold bones together securely | - allow for mobility

Question 34

what are the different functional joint classifications?

Answer 34

- synarthroses (fibrous) - > immovable joints - amphiarthroses (cartilaginous) - > slightly movable joints - diarthroses (synovial) - > freely movable joints

Question 35

what are the different structural joint classifications?

Answer 35

- fibrous joints - > generally immovable - cartilaginous joints - > immovable or slightly movable - synovial joints - > freely movable

Question 36

what are fibrous joints (synarthroses)?

Answer 36

unite by fibrous tissues

Question 37

what are found in fibrous joints?

Answer 37

- sutures (immobile) - syndemoses * allow more movement than sutures but still immobile * found on the distal ends of tibia and fibula - gomphoses * immobile * found where the teeth meet facial bones

Question 38

what are cartilaginous joints (Amphiarthroses):

Answer 38

bones that are connected by fibro cartilage

Question 39

what are found in cartilaginous joints?

Answer 39

- synchrondrosis (immobile) * found in epiphyseal plates of growing long bones - symphysis (slightly movable) * found in the public symphysis, intervertebral joints

Question 40

what are synovial joints (diarthroses)?

Answer 40

articulating bones that are separated by a joint cavity

Question 41

what are 4 distinguishing features of synovial joints?

Answer 41

1. articular cartilage 2. articular capsule 3. joint cavity 4. reinforcing ligaments

Question 42

what is found in the synovial joint cavities?

Answer 42

synovial fluid

Question 43

what are the types of synovial joints based on shape?

Answer 43

- plane - hinge - pivot - condylar - saddle - ball and socket

Question 44

what are found in synovial joints?

Answer 44

- bursae (flattened fibrous sacs) * lined with synovial membranes * filled with synovial fluid * not actually part of the joint - tendon sheath * elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Question 45

what are the different types of synovial joints based on function?

Answer 45

- nonaxial - uniaxial - biaxial - multiaxial