Skeletal Systems

Question 1

Describe long bones

Answer 1

They have a tubular shaft and are found in the limbs. Example includes the femur

Question 2

Describe short bones

Answer 2

They are cuboidal and found in the ankle and wrist. Example includes the capitate bone of the wrist

Question 3

Describe parietal (flat) bones

Answer 3

They are broad and sheet-like. Examples include the parietal bones

Question 4

Describe irregular bones

Answer 4

They do not fit into any regular groups of bone. Example includes the T6 thoracic vertebra

Question 5

Describe sesamoid bones

Answer 5

They are found within tendons such as the patella

Question 6

List the three sections of a long bone

Answer 6

• epiphysis (top)
• diaphysis (shaft)
• metaphysis (bottom)

Question 7

Describe the internal structure of the bone

Answer 7

• trabeculae aligned along lines of principle stress
• endosteum, periosteum, medullary cavity

Question 8

What is Wolff’s Law

Answer 8

states that bone in a healthy animal will adapt to the loads under which it is placed

Question 9

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 9

• immature bone cells
• one bone surfaces
• secrete organic bone matrix (osteoid–>bone)

Question 10

What are osteoclasts?

Answer 10

• secrete acids and enzymes that remove bone
• multinucleate cells derived from monocytes
• in the endosteum

Question 11

What are osteocytes?

Answer 11

• mature bone cells
• stellate (shaped like a star)
• sense loading - communicate

Question 12

What is osteoporosis?

Answer 12

creates lots of holes in the bone

Question 13

What is osteopetrosis?

Answer 13

creates a rocky appearance

Question 14

Describe the organic and inorganic components of the bone matrix

Answer 14

organic - collagen and other proteins
inorganic - Ca10PO4(OH)2 hydroxyapatite

Question 15

Describe the features of the axial skeleton and their function

Answer 15

midline - protection and muscle attachment
skull - contains and protects the brain, organs of special sense and upper respiratory and alimentary tracks
vertebral column - provides flexible support for the head and appendicular skeleton, also contains and protects the spinal cord, 4 curvatures
ribs - 12 pairs, 7 true, 5 false (floating)
sternum

Question 16

Describe the features of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 16

• movement/locomotion
• similar pattern, evolutionary development
• upper limb for dexterity
• lower limb for support and movement

Question 17

Describe the differences between a primary and secondary cartilaginous joint

Answer 17

primary - hyaline cartilage
secondary - hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage