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ANT370 > Skeletal Trauma > Flashcards

Skeletal Trauma Flashcards

1
Q

What is trauma?

A

an injury caused to living tissue by an outside force

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2
Q

Is postmortem damage trauma?

A

No!

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3
Q

Cause of death

A

the circumstance/event that resulted in a person dying

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4
Q

Manner of death

A

ex. natural causes, accident, suicide, homicide, unknown

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5
Q

Mechanism of death

A

actual medical circumstance that leads to a death

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6
Q

What are the two things that bone is made of?

A

collagen (organic, flexibility) & calcium hydroxyapatite (inorganic, strength)

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7
Q

What four factors affect skeletal trauma?

A
  1. direction of force
  2. speed of force
  3. type of bone, which bone, and location on bone
  4. age and pathological conditions
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8
Q

Why does age affect the impacts of skeletal trauma?

A

when you grow older, your bones decrease in strength and elasticity/give

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9
Q

What are the five mechanisms of force on bone?

A
  1. compression
  2. tension
  3. torsion
  4. bending
  5. shearing
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10
Q

Compression

A

forces that push down on bone, common on the skull

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11
Q

Tension

A

force that pulls on bone along its axis, common in accidents

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12
Q

What force is bone more suited to withstand, tension or compression?

A

compression (gravity is always acting upon us)

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13
Q

Torsion

A

twisting forces, common in cases of child abuse

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14
Q

Bending

A

force that hits the side of bone at a right angle causing a break through the cross section

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15
Q

Greenstick fractures

A

incomplete fractures commonly found in children, can be helpful in determining direction of force

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16
Q

Parry fractures

A

caused from defending of a blow

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17
Q

Bending is like a combination of ___ and ___.

A

compression and tension

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18
Q

Shearing

A

force that is similar to bending (force applied to one side of the bone), but part of the bone is immobile

19
Q

Colles fracture

A

in distal radius, caused from catching yourself fall

20
Q

TRUE or FALSE: shearing is also evident with sawing/cutting bone

A

TRUE

21
Q

What are the two speeds of force?

A
  1. slow loaded (ex. punch, bat)
  2. rapid loaded (ex. bullets)
22
Q

Describe the elastic region of a stress-strain curve?

A

the bone can go back like nothing happened

23
Q

Describe the plastic region of a stress-strain curve?

A

the bone can go back a little but won’t look perfect

24
Q

Describe what happens past the C region of a stress-stained curve?

A

the bone will break

25
Q

Fracture

A

failure of bone resulting in discontinutiy

26
Q

What are the four descriptions of fractures commonly used in forensic anthropology?

A
  1. complete v. incomplete
  2. simple v. comminuted
  3. direction of force
  4. open v. closed
27
Q

Comminuted

A

bone fractured into more than two parts (crushed)

28
Q

Oblique

A

diagonal fracture through bone

29
Q

What are fracture lines?

A

lines that begin at the point of initial impact and dissipate the force through the bone

30
Q

Radiating fractures

A

radiate off of main break to try to disperse force

31
Q

Hoop/centric fractures

A

ripple off of main break (typical in cranial vault)

32
Q

What are pathological fractures?

A

breaks in bones that are weakened by disease

33
Q

What are stress fractures?

A

breaks caused by overuse of an area, common in athletes & factory workers

34
Q

What are fatigue fractures?

A

breaks in bones due to intermittent stress of a long period of time (lifetime)

35
Q

What is week 1 of the fracture healing process?

A

bruises & inflamation

36
Q

What is week 2-3 of the fracture healing process?

A

soft callus consisting of a temporary network of tissues

37
Q

What is week 4-16 of the fracture healing process?

A

hard callus

38
Q

What is week 17 and beyond of the fracture healing process?

A

remodeling as primary osteons are replaced with secondary osteons

39
Q

What are the four types of trauma?

A
  1. blunt
  2. sharp
  3. projectile
  4. miscellaneous/mixed force
40
Q

How can you recognize antemortem trauma?

A

there will be evidence of healing such as porous bone, smooth edges, and bony calluses

41
Q

How can you recognize perimortem trauma?

A

“green bone” response, sharp edges, inward bending, fracture lines, angled broken-bone ends

42
Q

How can you recognize postmortem trauma?

A

dry bone fractures, no fracture lines, sharp edges, color changes in the break

43
Q

Does perimortem just include the day of death?

A

No, about 2 wks before to 1 mnth later (beginning of healing to beginning of decomp)

ANT370 (17 decks)

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