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ANT370 > Trauma By Source > Flashcards

Trauma By Source Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 types of trauma?

A

blunt force, sharp force, projectile, chemical, thermal, and blast

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2
Q

What are individual characteristics?

A

characteristics unique to a particular object/person (ex. DNA)

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3
Q

What are class characteristics?

A

characteristics unique to a wide group of things (ex. tire tread)

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4
Q

What does blunt force trauma result from?

A

force impacting a bone over a wide area, causing discontinuities and fracture lines

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5
Q

What are the three traits of BFT objects?

A

size, shape, and weight

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6
Q

In BFT, what sized widths need less force to cause fractures?

A

small widths

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7
Q

What are the key characteristics of shape traits in BFT?

A

cross-sectional shape (round vs. angular), longitudinal configuration (straight vs. curved), and patterned injuries

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8
Q

Is weight applicable in falls and auto accidents?

A

No

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9
Q

Bone bruise/occult intraosseous fracture

A

trabecular bone breaks causing blood to pool

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10
Q

Epiphyseal fracture

A

fusion has started but not finished –> weaker than normal –> breaks apart again

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11
Q

What are the two steps that occur when force impacts the skull?

A
  1. in-bending at site of impact with out-bending around impact site
  2. fracture lines form on out-bent surfaces and radiate out in all directions
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12
Q

When force impacts the skull, fracture lines start on the ____ surface and progress ____.

A

inner; outward

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13
Q

What is the diploe?

A

the inside table of the bone of the skull

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14
Q

Significance of areas of buttressing when force is applied?

A

areas of buttressing guides where blunt forces can be dissipated as fracture lines don’t go through these denser areas

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15
Q

What is the Lefort 1 fracture?

A

separates maxilla

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16
Q

What is the Lefort 2 fracture?

A

mid-face separates from the rest of the cranium

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17
Q

What is the Lefort 3 fracture?

A

entire face is separated from the braincase

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18
Q

Ring fracture

A

rare, caused by skull being forced down onto vertebral column or pulled away, encircles the base of the skull

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19
Q

What are the eight steps to BFT wound analysis?

A
  1. description of wounds
  2. estimation of size
  3. shape
  4. direction
  5. energy
  6. number (minimum)
  7. sequence of blows
  8. any miscellaneous estimations
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20
Q

What does sharp force trauma result from?

A

results from narrowly focused, dynamic compression forces applied to bone

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21
Q

What are the three types of sharp force trauma?

A
  1. Puncture (from a vertical direction)
  2. Incision (from force being applied across the bone surface)
  3. Cleft (vertical force from long sharp edge)
22
Q

Hanging

A

body suspended, hyoid breaks 8% of the time

23
Q

Ligature

A

cord, ect. applied force, hyoid breaks 11% of the time

24
Q

Manual

A

squeezed by hands, hyoid breaks 34% of the time

25
Q

Is blunt force trauma slow or high velocity?

A

slow velocity

26
Q

Is ballistic trauma slow or high velocity?

A

high velocity

27
Q

What is wounding power correlated to?

A

the kinetic energy dissipated during deceleration through the target

28
Q

Greater loss of velocity =

A

greater damage

29
Q

Faster bullet =

A

greater damage

30
Q

Bigger bullet =

A

greater damage

31
Q

What does severity of a gunshot wound depend on?

A

the amount of KE lost in the tissue

32
Q

What is the mechanism of wounding for a GSW?

A

the temporary and permanent cavities inside the tissues

33
Q

Penetrating GSW

A

enters but doesn’t exit the body

34
Q

Perforating GSW

A

enters and exits the body

35
Q

What type of GSW causes the most internal damage?

A

penetrating GSW

36
Q

Temporary cavity

A

tunneling of bullet in tissue with tissue expansion on each side leading to massive tearing of immediate and remote tissues; there and gone faster than the eye can see

37
Q

TRUE or FALSE: increased KE lost = decreased size of temporary cavity

A

FALSE

38
Q

Permanent cavity

A

wound track with remains in tissues after temporary cavity has disappeared

39
Q

What are the f factors affecting loss of KE?

A

amount of KE it started with, caliber/construction/configuration, angle of yaw, tumble, tissue characteristics

40
Q

Is more energy dispersed in more dense or less dense tissues?

A

more dense tissues

41
Q

What are the 5 components of bullet wound analysis?

A
  1. description of wounds
  2. direction of fire
  3. estimation of caliber
  4. number of wounds
  5. sequence of wounds
42
Q

How can an entrance wound be identified?

A

creates cone-shaped defect (internal beveling)

43
Q

How can an exit wound be identified?

A

reverse cone from entrance wound such that beveling is now on external surface

44
Q

How is direction of force determiend?

A

determined from the spatial (straight-line) relationship of entrance and exit wounds

45
Q

What are the three dimensions of direction of force?

A
  1. anterior to posterior
  2. right to left
  3. superior to inferior
46
Q

What causes a keyhole defect?

A

when bullet enters, it enters at an angle such that it chips a thin piece of bone opposite to the side it enters

47
Q

Why is caliber estimation so unreliable?

A

bone defects can be elastic, bullets may deform, thickness of bone can effect deformation, pre-existing fracture lines and sutures can cause entrance wounds to be smaller

48
Q

Chemical trauma

A

death by slow poisoning such that it leaves traces in the bone (poison contains elements that bone mistakes for normal material)

49
Q

What are the 4 changes fire can cause to bone?

A

fracturing, coloration, changes in chemical composition, and deterioration

50
Q

What are the 5 elements of thermal trauma?

A
  1. white heat line
  2. heat border
  3. charring
  4. delamination
  5. curved transverse fracture
51
Q

What does a curved trans verse fracture indicate?

A

direction of burning

ANT370 (17 decks)

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