Skeletal unit Flashcards
1
Q
bone
A
oss/e, oss/I, oste/o, ost/o
2
Q
bone marrow
A
myel/o
3
Q
cartilage
A
chondr/o
4
Q
joints
A
arthr/o
5
Q
ligaments
A
ligament/o
6
Q
synovial membrane and synovial fluid
A
synovial/o, synov/o
7
Q
bursa
A
bursa/o
8
Q
ankyl/o
A
crooked, bent, stiff
9
Q
cost/o
A
rib
10
Q
crani/o
A
skull
11
Q
-desis
A
to bind, tie together
12
Q
kyph/o
A
bent, hump
13
Q
Lord/o
A
curve, swayback, bent
14
Q
lumb/o
A
lumbar, lower back
15
Q
scoli/o
A
curved, bent
16
Q
spondyl/o
A
vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
17
Q
acetabulum
A
aka hip socket
18
Q
allogenic
A
originating w/in another
19
Q
ankylosing spondylitis
A
type of arthritis that causes inflammation of joints
20
Q
arthrodesis
A
surgical fusion (joining together) between vertebraes
21
Q
arthroscopy
A
visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
22
Q
autologous
A
originating within an individual
23
Q
avascular necrosis
A
area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow
24
Q
bone marrow transplant
A
stem cell transplant used to treat types of cancer
25
callus
bulging deposit that forms around the area of the break in a bone
26
chondormalacia
abnormal softening of cartilage
27
comminuted fracture
a fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed
28
compression fracture
a fracture in which the bone is pressed together on itself
29
costochodritis
inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
30
crepitation
the grafting sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
31
dual x-ray absorptiometry
a low-exposure radio graphic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
32
fat embolus
the release of fat cells from yellow bone marrow into the bloodstream when a long bone is fractured
33
gout
type of inflammatory arthritis characterized by deposits of urate crystals in the joints
34
hallux valgus
an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
35
hemarthitis
blood within a joint
36
hematopoietic
pertaining to the formation of blood cells
37
internal fixation
fracture treatment in which pins or plates are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place
38
juvenile idiopathic arthritis
an autoimmune disorder affecting children aged 16 years or younger, w/ symptoms of stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth and fatigue
39
kyphosis
abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side
40
laminectomy
surgical removal of the lamina, or posterior portion, of a vertebrae
41
lordosis
abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
42
lumbago
the general term for pain in the lumbar region of the spine
43
malleolus
rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint
44
manubrium
the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
45
metacarpals
the five bones that form the palms of the hand
46
metatarsals
form that part of the foot to which the toes are attached
47
multiple myeloma
a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells of the red bone marrow
48
open fracture
fractur in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
49
orthopedic surgeon
a specialist who diagnose and treat diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles
50
orthoic
mechanical appliance, such as a shoe insert, leg brace or splint
51
osteitis
inflammation of bone
52
osteoarthritis
type of arthritis most commonly associated w/ aging
53
osteochondroma
a benign bony projection covered w/ cartilage
54
osteomalacia
abnormal softening of bone in adults
55
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
56
osteopenia
thinner=than=average bone density
57
osteoporotic
a marked loos of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated w/ aging
58
osteoporotic hip fracture
a fracture of a hip weakened by osteoporosis that can occur spontaneously or as the result of a fall
59
Paget's disease
chronic bone disease of unknown cause, characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone tissue followed by abnormal bone formation
60
pathologic fracture
a fracture that occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
61
percutaneous vertebroplasty
treatment of osteoporosis related compression fractures by injecting bone cement to stabilize compression within the spinal column
62
podiatrist
specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
63
polymyalgia rheumatica
an inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck
64
prosthesis
a subsitute for a diseased or missing body part
65
radioculopathy
a condition caused by the compression of a nerve in the spine; also called a pinched nerve
66
rheumatoid arthritis
a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body
67
rickets
a deficiency occurring in children involving defective bone growth due to vitamin D deficiency
68
scoliosis
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
69
Spina bifida
a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy in which the spinal canals fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
70
spinal stenosis
a narrowing of the spaces within the spine, potentially putting pressure on the nerves and spinal cord that may cause pain
71
spiral fracture
a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
72
spondylolisthesis
the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae below it
73
spondylosis
a degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function
74
subluxation
the partial displacement of a bone from its joint
75
synovectomy
surgical removal of a synovial membrane form a joint, usually the knee
76
vertebrae
bony structural units of the spinal column
77
Periosteum
tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
78
peri-
surrounding
79
-um
noun ending
80
compact bone (cortical bone)
dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer if the bone
81
spongy bone (cancellous bone)
porous "sponge like", which makes it lighter and weaker than compact bone; red bone marrow is often located within the spongy bone
82
long bones
arms, legs, femur, humerus, etc.
83
short bones
bones of the wrist and ankle, they are roughly cube-shaped and are made up of spongy bone covered with a layer of compact bone
84
medullary cavity
central cavity located in the shaft of the long bones, where it is surrounded by compact bone
85
medullary
pertaining to the inner section
86
endosteum
tissue that lines the medullary cavity
87
end-
within
88
red bone marrow
hematopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes
89
hemat/o
blood
90
-poietic
pertaining to formation
91
yellow bone marrow
functions as a fat storage area. composed chiefly of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity of long bones
92
cartilage
smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a schock absorber between bones
93
articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate, or come together, to form joints
94
meniscus
the curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw
95
diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone
96
epiphyses
wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs (singular epiphysis)
97
proximal epiphysis
end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body
98
distal epiphysis
end of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the body
99
foramen
an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass (Plural, foramina)
100
foramen Magnum
occipital bone at the base of the skull
101
process
normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon
102
mastoid process
the bony projection located on the temporal bones just behind the ears
103
joints aka articulations
place of union between two or more bones
104
fibrous joints aka sutures
consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together
105
fontanelles aka soft spots
normally present on the skull of a newborn
106
cartilaginous joints
allow only movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
107
pubic symphysis
allow some movement to facilitate childbirth
108
synovial joint
created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
109
ball-and-socket joints
such as the hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions
110
hinge joints
such as the knee and elbows, are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
111
synovial capsule
outermost layer of the fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surround the joint
112
synovial membrane
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid.
113
Synovial fluid
flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible.
113
Ligaments
are bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage
114
bursa
fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction, such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone (plural, bursae)
114
appendicular skeleton
makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion
114
axial skeleton
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems
five parts
1. bones of the skull
2. ossicles of the middle ear
3. hyoid bone, located on the throat between the chin and thyroid
4. rib cage
5. vertebral column
115
upper extremities
shoulder, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
116
lower extremitites
hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet
117
appendage
anything attached to a major part of the body
118
appendicular
referring to an appendage
119
extremity
the terminal end of a body part such as an arm or leg
120
skull
consists of the 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and 6 bones in the middle ear
121
cranium
made up of 8 bones, is the portion of the skill that encloses and protects the brain
122
frontal bone
anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead
123
parietal bones
two largest bones of the skull
124
occipital bones
forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium
125
temporal bones
form the sides and base of the cranium
126
external auditory meatus
the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
127
sphenoid bone
an irregular, wegde-shaped bone at the base of the skull
128
ethmoid bone
light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose
129
orbit
bony socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball
130
auditory ossicles
three tiny bones located in each middle ear aka malleus, incus, stapes
131
nasal bone
the upper part of the bridge of the nose
132
zygomatic bones aka cheekbones
articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead
133
maxillary bone aka maxillae
form most of the upper jaw (singular maxilla)
134
palatine bones
form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose
135
lacrimal conchae
thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
136
vomer bone
forms the base for the nasal septum
137
nasal septum
cartilage wall that divided the two nasal cavitites
138
mandible aka jawbone
only movable bone if the skull
139
temporomandibular joint
attached to the mandible, commonly know as TMJ
140
thoracic cavity aka rib cage
bony structure that protects the heart and lungs
141
costals
ribs
142
pectoral girdle aka shoulder girdle
supports the arms and hands
143
clavicle aka collarbone
slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula
144
scapula
aka shoulder blade, (Plural scapulae)
145
acromion
extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
146
humerus
the bone of the upper arm (plural humeri)
147
radius
smaller and shorter bone in the forearm, runs up the thumb side of the forearm (plural radii)
148
ulna
larger and longer bone of the forearm (plural ulnae); the proximal end of the ulna articulates with the distal end of the humerus to form the elbow joint
149
olecranon aka funny bone
large, proximal tip of the ulna
150
carpals
the bones that form the wrist (singular, carpal)
151
phalanges
the 14 bones of the fingers (singular, phalanx)
152
spinal column
which is also known as the vertebral column , protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body
153
vertebral
pertaining to the vertebrae.
154
The anterior portion of the vertebra is solid to provide strength and is known as the
body of the vertebra .
155
lamina
the posterior portion of a vertebra
156
vertebral foramen
opening in the middle of the vertebra
157
intervertebral disks
made of cartilage and pads of tissue, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other and allow for movement of the spinal column
158
nucleus pulposus
inner core of the spinal column
159
cervical vertebrae
first set of seven vertebrae, and they form the neck
160
cervical
pertaining to the neck
161
thoracic vertebrae known as T1 through T12
the second set of 12 vertebrae
162
lumbar vertebrae known as L1 through L5
make up the third set of five vertebrae, and together they form the inward curve of the lower spine
163
sacrum
slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back
164
coccyx aka tailbone
forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are entirely or partially fused together
165
pelvis aka bony pelvis
protects internal organs and supports the lower extremitites
166
pelvic girdle
a cup-shaped ring of bone at the lower end of the trunk consisting of the ilium, ischium and pubis
167
ilium
broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
168
sacroiliac
slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium
169
sacr/o
sacrum
170
ili
ilium
171
-ac
pertaining too
172
ischium
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting
173
pubis
forms the anterior portion if the pubic bone, is located just below the urinary bladder
174
pubic bones
held securely together by the pubic symphysis
175
symphysis
a place where two bones are closely joined
176
pubic symphysis
the cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones
177
femurs
largest bones in the body
178
femoral
pertaining to the femur; aka thigh bones
179
head of the femur
articulates with the acetabulum
180
femoral neck
narrow are just below the head of the femur
181
patella aka kneecap
bony anterior portion of the knee
182
popliteal
describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located
183
anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments
make possible the movements of the knee
184
ACL injury
tear in the anterior cruciate ligament
185
tibia aka shinbone
larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
186
fibula
smaller if the two bones of the lower leg
187
ankles
joints that connect the lower leg and foot and make the necessary movements possible
188
tarsal
bones are similar to the bones of the wrists; however; they are much larger in size
189
talus
ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
190
calcaneus aka heel bone
largest of the tarsal bones
191
chiropractor
hold a DC degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating form the misalignment of the spine
192
manipulative treatment
involves manually adjusting the positions of the bones
193
osteopath
holds a DO degree and uses traditional forms of medical treatments in addiotn to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation
194
rheumatologist
physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues
195
pod
foot
196
iatrist
specialist
197
ankylosis
the loss or anscence of mobility in a joint due to diseases, injury, or a surgical procedure
198
mobility
being capable of movement
199
adhesive capsulitis aka frozen shoulder
painful ankylosis of the shoulder
200
capsul
little box
201
adhesions
forming in the synovial capsule surrounding the shoulder, making the joint become thicker and tighter
202
arthrosclerosis
stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly
203
bakers cyst aka popliteal cyst
fluid-filled sac behind the knee
204
bursitis
inflammation of the bursa
205
hem
blood
206
hemarthrosis
blood within a joint
207
sprain
occurs when a ligament that connects bones to joint is wrenched or torn
208
synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint
209
dislocation aka luxation
the total displacement of a bone from its joint
210
arthritis
inflammatory condition of one or more joints
211
osteoarthritis aka wear-and-tear arthritis
most commonly associated with aging
212
degenerative joint disease
characterized by the wearing away of the articular cartilage within the joints
213
degenerative
breaking down or impairment of body part
214
psuedugout
form of arthritis that most commonly affects the knee or wrists
215
psoriatic arthritis
an inflammatory form of arthritis developed by about 20% of all people with the autoimmune skin disease psoriasis
216
herniated disk aka slipped or ruptured disk
breaking apart of an intervertebral disk resulting in a bulge that can put pressure on spinal nerve roots
217
-ago
diseased condition
218
periostitis
inflammation of the periosteum
219
radicul/o
root or nerve
220
short stature aka dwarfism
condiotn resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk
221
clubfoot aka talipes
describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (ankle bones)
222
primary bone cancer
relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone
223
secondary bone cancer or bone metastasis
occures when cancer cells metastasize (spread) to the bones from other organs such as the breasts, prostate, or lungs
224
-penia
deficiency
225
collies fracture
which is named for the Irish surgeon Abraham Colles, aka a broken wrist
226
fracture aka broken bone
described in terms of its complexity
227
closed fracture aka simple fracture or complete fracture
is one in which the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin
228
incomplete fracture
one side of the bone is broken and the other side is only bent
229
buckle fracture aka torus fracture
the affected side of the bone is compressed and buckles but does not break
230
oblique fracture
occurs at the angle across the bine
231
stress fracture
which is an overuse injury, is a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact
232
transverse fracture
occurs straight across, perpendicular to the shaft of the bone
233
x-ray imaging aka radiography
uses a form of electromagnetic radiation to create x-rays
234
bone marrow aspiration
the use of a syringe to withdraw tissue form the red bone marrow
235
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
is used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints
236
bone scans, computed tomography, arthrocentesis
which are additional diagnostic procedures
237
bone density testing (BDT)
is used to determine losses or changes in bone density
238
bone density
measure the amount of mineral in the bones, usually in the hip and spine, and compares the results with an established norm
239
ultrasonic bone density testing
is a screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass
240
bisphosphonates
are a class of drugs used to slow the loss of bone density due to osteoporosis, reducing the risk of broken bones
241
low dose hormone replacement therapy
is sometime used in the short term to maintain bone density in women at high risk for bone loss after menopause
242
bone marrow transplant (BMT)
is a stem cell transplant used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas
243
allogenic bone marrow transplant aka allogenic stem cell transplant
uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling
244
autologus bone marrow transplant aka autologus stem cell transplant
the patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells, which have been harvested (usually from the hip), cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow in the patients body undergoes treatment
245
peripheral blood stem cell transplant
utilizes blood-forming stem cells from the bloodstream of the patient or donor
246
ACL reconstruction
is a surgery to replace a torn anterior cruciate ligament in the knee
247
arthroscopic surgery
is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior if a joint
248
bone grafting
is a surgical procedure using transplanted bone, often form a hip, leg, or rib, to repair and rebuild bones damaged by injury or disease
249
allograft
bone or tissue comes from a donor or cadaver
250
autograft
that the patients own bone or tissue is used
251
arthroplasty
surgical repair of a damaged joint
252
a total knee replacement aka total knee arthroplasty
means that all of the parts of the knee are replaced; This can be the medial (inner) or lateral (outer) part of the joint, or the front patella (kneecap)
253
partial knee replacement
a procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced; This can be the medial (inner) or lateral (outer) part of the joint, or the front patella (kneecap).
254
a total hip replacement (THR) aka total hip arthroplasty
is performed to restore a damaged hip to full function
255
hip resurfacing arthroplasty
is an alternative to removing the head of the femur
256
shoulder replacement surgery
repairs injuries to this joint by replacing the top of the humerus with the metal ball, and the damaged portion of the socket with a plastic prosthesis
257
revision surgery
is the replacement of a worn or failed implant
258
amputation
is the surgical or accidental removal of a limb
259
phantom limb pain
is a post amputation phenomenon in which there is a sensation of pain form a body part that is no longer there
260
percutaneous
performed through the skin
261
spinal fusion
is a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae
262
fusion
join together
263
decompressive craniectomy
is the surgical removal of a portion of the skull
264
intracranial pressure
describes the amount of pressure inside the skull.
265
craniotomy
is a surgical incision or opening into the skull
266
osteotomy
is the surgical cutting and reshaping of a bone
267
closed reduction aka manipulation
is the attempted non surgical realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocaition
268
open reduction
is required to realign the bone parts
269
immobilization aka stabilization
is the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
270
traction
is a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
271
external fixation
is a fracture treatment in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing
272
bone density testing
BDT
273
osteoarthritis
OP
274
partial knee replacement
PKR
275
polymyalgia rheumatica
PMR
276
rheumatiod arthritis
RA
277
total hip replacement
THR
278
total knee replacement
TKR
