Skeleton basics + AXIAL Flashcards by Valentina Diaz

Connective tissues of the skeleton

Cartilage and bone

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Avascular/aneural (no nerves)
Highly hydrated matrix
Chondrocytes
Growth only during development (interstitial and appositional, regeneration difficult)

Cartilage

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Type of growth where the tissue expands by cell division

Interstitial Growth

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Type of growth where the tissue expands in layers on surface. Old layers are degenerated.

Appositional Growth

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Most common type of cartilage
Surrounded by dense perichondrium

Connects ribs to sternum, covering of all synovial joints, form supporting structures in trachea and bronchi

Provides stiff but somewhat flexible support. Reduces friction between bony surfaces.

Hyaline Cartilage

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What type of cartilage?

Contains numerous elastin fibres

Resilient and flexible

Outer ear, epiglottis, auditory tube, cartilage of larynx, nose, etc.

Provides support but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape

Elastic Cartilage

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What type of cartilage?

Little ground substance

Densely interwoven collagen fibres

Durable and tough

Form intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, between some joints (meniscus).

Resists compression, prevents bone-to-bone contact, and limits relative movement.

Fibrocartilage

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Hydroxyapatite matrix

Osteocytes

Osteon organization

Highly vascularized

High resistance to compression, rigid.

Bone

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INORGANIC COMPONENT OF BONE

Calcium phosphates

Provide resistance to compression, durability

Cause bone to be radiopaque

Hydroxyapatites

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Weakness in bones due to low density of the hydroxyapatite.

Osteoporosis

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Organic Components of Bone

Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoid.

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Osteoclasts

Bone absorbing cells.

Organic component of bone.

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Osteoblasts

Bone forming cells.

Organic component of bone

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Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix

Organic component of bone

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Osteoid

Unmineralized bony matrix

Organic component of bone

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Osteoprogenitor Cell

Stem cell whose divisions produce osteoblasts

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Spaces in which bone cells are present. Encase osteocytes in bones, and in cartilage they enclose chondrocytes.

Lacunae

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Network of small canals

Canaliculi

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Layers of compact matrix that surround a central canal. or weight-bearing concentric rings around Haversian canals (collagen fibres with mineralization).

Lamellae

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Osteolysis

Osteoclasts degenerate the matrix of old bone.

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Produces blood cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes & platelets.
Contains multipotent stem cells
Replaced every 120 days

Restricted to pelvis, ribs, end of long bones in adults. Found throughout the body in newborns.

Red (hematopoietic) Bone Marrow

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Stores fat. Not volatile (last to be used).

Yellow Bone Marrow

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Provides structure to body

Protects internal organs

Provides an anchor point for muscle contraction

Acts as a reservoir of minerals

Divisible into axial and appendicular

Skeletal System

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Organized into osteons (Haversian systems).

Nerves and blood vessels pass through Haversian canals of osteons

Volkmann’s canals - perpendicular connections of Haversian canals.

Bone as an organ

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Spongy bone, contains bone marrow (red for blood cell production and yellow for adipose deposition). Surrounded by periosteum.

Trabeculae

Superficial layer surrounding bone Dense irregular connective tissue Highly innervated Isolates bone from surrounding environment Participates in growth and repair Continuous with joint capsule

Periosteum

Bone forms by replacing hyalin cartilage Most of the bones in the body form via this type of ossification

Endochondral ossification

Bone develops from a fibrous membrane

Intramembranous ossification

Also known as dermal bone Formation of most of the skull roof and portions of the clavicle and scapula Fibrous tissue membrane formed by mesenchyme

Intramembranous Bone

Also known as replacement bone Cartilaginous precursor is invaded by osteoblasts and replaced with bone. Appositional growth only.

Endochondral Bone

Distal and proximal ends of the endochondral bone. Covered in hyaline cartilage.

Epiphysis

Shaft of endochondral bone. Main, long portion. Contains marrow.

Diaphysis

Area between epiphysis and diaphysis of the endochondral bone. Site of growth plate (epiphyseal plate).

Metaphysis

Skeleton begins to develop how many weeks in the embryo?

6-8

Primary ossification occurs in the ____?

Diaphysis. Expands from center of ossification towards epiphyses.

Secondary ossification occurs in the ____?

Epiphyses. Articular cartilage replaced by bone, reinforcing articular ends.

Ossification of _____ signals end of growth

Metaphysis. Finalized approximately 25 years of age in humans.

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage.

Axial Skeleton

Protects brain and guards entrances to digestive and respirator tracts. Contains 22 bones: 8 form the neurocranium and 14 form the viscerocranium. 7 additional bones (6 ossicles and the hyoid bone).

Skull

Houses and protects brain Calvaria (frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal) Cranial Base (spehnoid, ethmoid - cribriform plate) Pterion

Neurocranium

passage of the central nervous system through the skull connecting the brain with the spinal cord.

Foramen magnum

Protect and support entrances of digestive and respiratory tracts Protect delicate sensory organs Maxilla Nasal Conchae Zygomatic bone (cheekbone) Mandible

Viscerocranium

Skull Sutures/Fontanelles

At birth suture formation is incomplete, bones held together with un-ossified fibrous connective tissue.

Largest fontanelle. persists until 2 years old.

Anterior fontanelle

Intramembranous ossification of fontanelles leads to the development of the...

Calvaria bone. Bone formation takes place at numerous sites simultaneously.

Premature closure of the cranial sutures.

Craniostenosis

Nasal Region

Sinuses and nasal concha

Frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, and ethmoid. All connected to nasal passage. Are part of what?

Sinuses

Increase surface area of nasal passage. Mucosal lining Spiral orientation creates turbulence in airflow.

Nasal Conchae

Deciduous teeth

Baby teeth. 20 teeth total

Adult teeth

second dentition (permanent teeth) 32 teeth total

Consists of a series of bones Support Weight bearing Flexible Protects spinal cord and spinal nerves Maintain upright body posture in sitting and standing

Vertebral Column

Spinal curvatures starting from top of body (connected to skull) to bottom

Cervical (concave posterior, lordosis) thoracic (concave anterior, kyphosis) lumbar (lordosis) sacral (kyphosis) coccyx.

how many of each vertebrae are there

7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 3-5 coccyx

Lateral curvature and rotation of vertebrae Congenital or neuromuscular disease Many idiopathic

Scoliosis

What vertebrae is C1

Atlas

What vertebrae is C2

Axis

Fibrous outer ring of intervertebral discs

Anulus fibrosus

Gelatinous core, remnant of notochord

Nucleus pulposus

What is it called when the Anulus fibrosus elasticity declines with age Protrusion of nucleus pulposus

Disc Herniation

Formed by: 12 pairs of ribs sternum costal cartilage 12 thoracic vertebrae Surrounds thoracic cavity and supports the pectoral girdle Provides protection for thoracic and abdominal contents

Thoracic Cage

True ribs

Ribs 1-7 Attach directly to sternum via own costal cartilage

False ribs

Ribs 8-10 Costal cartilages fuse and attach to costal cartilage of Rib 7

Floating ribs

Ribs 11-12 No connection to sternum

Costochondral

Rib 1-10 bone and costal cartilage

Sternocostal

Rib 1-7 costal cartilages to sternum

Costovertebral joints

Head of rib Costal tubercle

Flat elongated bone consisting of three parts: Manubrium Body Xiphoid process (indicates upper limit for liver, central tendon of diaphragm, and inferior border of heart).

Sternum

Fibrous joints that link two bones with a membrane or ligaments Minimal movement Example: skull sutures, interosseous membranes

Syndesmosis

Cartilaginous joints bones united by fibrocartilaginous segments (example: costal cartilages of ribs, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis) or by temporary articular cartilage that then fuses during development to form synostoses joint type (example: hip bones before growth plate closure).

Synchondrosis

Most common joint Free movement Joint cavity surrounded by joint capsule that has a membrane that secretes fluid (lubricant of joint), and around the outside is the fibrous capsule that supports the membrane and keeps the components of the joint connected. Hyaline cartilage on articular surfaces Example: knee joint

Synovial joints