Sketletal system Flashcards
1
Q
Head and Neck
A
2
Q
Cranium – protects the brain
A
3
Q
Mandible – lower jaw; movable
A
4
Q
Maxilla – upper jaw
A
5
Q
Cervical vertebrae – neck region (C1–C7)
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6
Q
Torso (Axial Skeleton)
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7
Q
Clavicle – collarbone
A
8
Q
Scapula – shoulder blade
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9
Q
Sternum – breastbone
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10
Q
Ribs – 12 pairs
A
protect lungs and heart
11
Q
Thoracic vertebrae – chest area spine (T1–T12)
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12
Q
Lumbar vertebrae – lower back (L1–L5)
A
13
Q
Sacrum – base of spine
A
14
Q
Coccyx – tailbone
A
15
Q
Upper Limbs (Appendicular Skeleton)
A
16
Q
Humerus – upper arm bone
A
17
Q
Radius – lateral forearm (thumb side)
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18
Q
Ulna – medial forearm (pinky side)
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19
Q
Carpals – wrist bones (8 per hand)
A
20
Q
Metacarpals – palm bones
A
21
Q
Phalanges – fingers (3 per finger
A
2 for thumb)
22
Q
Pelvic Area
A
23
Q
Ilium
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Ischium
24
Q
Pelvis – protects pelvic organs
A
supports weight
25
Lower Limbs
26
Femur – thigh bone; longest and strongest
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Patella – kneecap
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Tibia – shin bone; weight-bearing
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Fibula – thinner bone beside tibia
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Tarsals – ankle bones (7 per foot)
31
Metatarsals – middle foot
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Phalanges – toes (same layout as fingers)
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________________________________________
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2. Bones in the Human Skeleton
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Adults: 206 bones. Fusion of certain bones occurs with age (e.g.
sacrum
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Fetuses/Newborns: ~270 bones. Many of these fuses over time for stability and strength.
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3. Three Components of the Skeletal System
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Bones – rigid organs that make up the skeleton
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Joints – places where bones meet and allow movement
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Connective Tissues:
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Ligaments – attach bone to bone
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Tendons – attach muscle to bone
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Cartilage – smooth tissue that covers joints and reduces friction
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4. Six Major Functions of the Skeletal System
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1. Support – Provides the shape and framework of the body
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2. Protection – Shields vital organs (e.g.
skull protects brain
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3. Movement – Acts as levers; muscles pull on bones to move body
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4. Mineral Storage – Especially calcium and phosphorus
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5. Blood Cell Production – Happens in red bone marrow (found in flat bones and ends of long bones)
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6. Energy Storage – Yellow marrow stores fat for energ
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5. which bone make up the axial and Appendicular
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• Axial: skull
spinal column
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• Appendicular: hips (pelvis)
shoulder
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6. 8 Cranial Bones of the Skull
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1. Frontal – forehead
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2. Parietal (2) – top and sides of head
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3. Temporal (2) – lower sides of skull (around ears)
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4. Occipital – back and base of skull
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5. Sphenoid – central skull base; butterfly-shaped
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6. Ethmoid – between eyes
behind nose
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7. Bones of the Girdles
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Pelvic Girdle:
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• Ilium – large
wing-like portion
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• Ischium – lower
rear part
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• Pubis – front of pelvis
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Pectoral Girdle:
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• Clavicle – attaches to sternum and scapula
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• Scapula – allows shoulder movement
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Floating Ribs
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• Ribs 11 and 12 are called floating ribs because:
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o They are not attached to the sternum at all
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o Only attached to the vertebrae
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o Provide some protection to kidneys
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• 9. Bone Classifications
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• Long Bones – Length > width (e.g.
femur
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Short Bones – Equal length and width (e.g.
carpals
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Flat Bones – Thin and often curved (e.g.
skull
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Irregular Bones – Complex shapes (e.g.
vertebrae
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Sesamoid Bones – Embedded in tendons (e.g.
patella)
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10. Bone tissues in the human body
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o Compact bone outer structure (solid bone
does not bend easy)
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o Spongy bone inner structure ( covers the space where the bone marrow is stored)
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11. Structures of the long bone
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• Epiphysis (end of long bone consisting outer compact and inner spongy bone filled with red blood marrow
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• Diaphysis ( length of long bone excluding epiphytes (shaft))
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• Epiphyseal plate( cartilage between diaphysis and growth plate)
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• Articular cartilage( covers epiphesis (ends)and facilitate joint movements
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• Medullary cavity ( inner bellow cavity along diaphysis containing bone marrow )
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• Endosteum (inner connective tissue layer surrounding medullary cavity )
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• Periosteum (outer connective tissue layer)
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12. Types of Fractures (with Descriptions & Visuals)
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• Simple (Closed) – Clean break; skin intact
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• Compound (Open) – Bone pierces skin
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• Comminuted – Bone shatters into fragments
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• Greenstick – Incomplete; bends (common in children)
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• Transverse – Straight across
101
• Oblique – Angled break
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• Spiral – Twisted break
often from rotation
103
• Stress – Small cracks from repetitive force
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13. Where Do Most Falls Occur?
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• Inside the home – Bathrooms
stairs
106
• Common in elderly or impaired mobility
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14. Common Fractures from Falls
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• Hip fractures – especially in elderly
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• Wrist fractures – from trying to break fall
110
• Ankle fractures – from twisted landings
111
• Vertebral fractures – in people with osteoporosis
112
113
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115
15. Biological & Medical Risk Factors for Falls
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• Age-related weakness
117
• Osteoporosis
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• Poor vision
119
• Arthritis
120
• Neurological issues (Parkinson’s
stroke)
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• Use of sedatives or multiple medications
122
16. Behavioral Risk Factors
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• Rushing
124
• Ignoring assistive devices
125
• Inappropriate footwear (slippers
high heels)
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• Lack of exercise (poor balance and strength)
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17. Environmental Risk Factors
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• Poor lighting
129
• Cluttered walkways
130
• Loose rugs
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• Lack of grab bars or railings
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• Wet or uneven surfaces
133
18. Socioeconomic Risk Factors
134
• Low-income limits access to safe housing
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• Poor education about fall risks
136
• Lack of community resources or support
137
• Social isolation (no one around to assist)
138
19. Helping Someone Up from a Chair
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1. Make sure their feet are flat on the ground
140
2. Have them scoot to the edge of the seat
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3. Instruct them to lean forward
142
4. Use armrests or your hand (avoid pulling hard)
143
• 20. What Is Posture?
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Posture is the position and alignment of your body parts in relation to each other during sitting
standing
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21. What Posture Depends On
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• Muscle tone
150
• Flexibility
151
• Joint mobility
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• Nervous system signals
153
• Core strength and balance
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22. Two Types of Posture
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• Static posture – When the body is still (sitting/standing)
157
• Dynamic posture – While moving (walking
lifting
158
23. Why Good Posture Is Important
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• Reduces stress on joints and ligaments
160
• Prevents fatigue and back pain
161
• Enhances breathing and digestion
162
• Affects your spine and how it moves
163
24. Posture and Learning
164
• Straight posture improves blood flow and oxygen to the brain
165
• Increases focus
engagement
166
• Slouching leads to discomfort
distraction
167
25. Good Standing and Sitting Posture
168
Standing:
169
• Head neutral (not forward)
170
• Shoulders back and relaxed
171
• Knees slightly bent
172
• Weight even on both feet
173
Sitting:
174
• Feet flat on floor
175
• Knees at 90° angle
176
• Back straight with lumbar support
177
• Shoulders relaxed
chin tucked
178
26. Correct Posture Line Drawing
179
• A side view should show a line through:
180
Ear → Shoulder → Hip → Knee → Ankle
181
27. Comparing Good vs. Bad Posture
182
Good posture:
183
• Spine aligned
no strain
184
• Neutral pelvis
185
• Balanced head position
186
Bad posture:
187
• Forward head
188
• Rounded shoulders
189
• Swayback or hunched posture
190
191
28. Ligaments
Tendons
192
• Ligaments – Connect bone to bone (stabilize joints)
193
• Tendons – Connect muscle to bone (transmit force)
194
• Bursae – Fluid-filled sacs that cushion tendons near joints
195
196
29. What Is a Joint?
197
A joint is where two bones meet.
198
Types:
199
• Fixed (immovable) – skull
200
• Slightly movable – vertebrae
201
• Freely movable (synovial) – knees
elbows
202
203
204
30. Medical Conditions Related to Skeletal System
205
• Osteoporosis – bone thinning
206
• Arthritis – inflammation of joints
207
• Scoliosis – curved spine
208
• Kyphosis – hunchback
209
• Lordosis – inward lumbar curve
210
• Rickets – soft bones (vitamin D deficiency)
211
• Fractures
212
• Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle bone disease
213
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31. Spinal Curvature Conditions
215
Scoliosis – Side-to-side curve
216
Kyphosis – Excessive outward curve (upper back)
217
Lordosis – Excessive inward curve (lower back)
