Skill Flashcards

1
Q

Skill

A

A learned action, to bring about a pre-determined result with maximum certainty and minimum effort.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ability

A

Inherited, stable traits that determine an individual’s potential to learn or acquire a skill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Characteristics of a skill

A

Accurate, Controlled, Effortless, Fluent, Aesthetically Pleasing, Consistent, Economic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Muscular Recruitment

A

The amount of power used in a skill from muscle groups, can be a gross or fine skill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Rate of Execution

A

The rate of execution a skill is performed, It can be externally paced or self paced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Predictability

A

Open - Unpredictable/ Changing environment
Closed - Predictable, Stable Environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Degree of Difficulty

A

Complex - Difficult skill with lots of decisions
Simple - Easy skill with few decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Organisation

A

High organisation- A skill that is difficult to break down into its components
Low Organisation- A skill that is easy to break down into its component parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Continuity

A

Discrete - Clear start and finish
Serial - A skill made up of a series of discrete skills
Continuous - A skill with no clear start and end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Forms of Transfer

A

Negative transfer
Zero transfer
Bilateral transfer
Positive transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Positive transfer

A

Where the learning of one skill helps with the learning of another skill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Negative transfer

A

Where the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another skill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Zero transfer

A

There is no affect with the learning of one skill to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bi-lateral transfer

A

The learning of a skill moves from limb to limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Three Stages of Learning

A

Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cognitive Stage of Learning

A

Inconsistent
High level of thought required
No motor programme developed
First Stage of Learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Associative Stage of Learning

A

Some consistency
Some thought takes place - not expert
Partly formed motor programme
Second stage of learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Autonomous Stage of Learning

A

Consistent
Automatic - low amount of thought needed
Fully developed motor programme
Negative feedback (error correction)
Final stage of learning
Skill can now be recalled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of Practice

A

Massed, Distributed, Varied, and Mental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Massed practice

A

Continuous practice with no rest intervals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Distributed Practice

A

Practice with rest intervals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Varied practice

A

Changing the practice type and the practice drills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mental Practice

A

Going over the skill in mind without movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Evaluation of Massed Practice

A

Positive - Less tedious
Negative - No time for feedback, demanding

25
Evaluation of varied practice
Positive- Less tedious Negative - Time consuming
26
Mental Practice Evaluation
Positive - Improves reaction time Negative - Must be done correctly
27
Distributed Practice Evaluation
Positive - Allows recovery Negative - Time consuming, Negative transfer could occur
28
What are the Methods of Practice?
Whole Part Whole Practice Whole Practice Part Progressive Practice
29
What is Whole Practice?
Whole practice is practicing the skill in it’s entirety
30
What is whole part whole practice?
Whole Part Whole practice is assessing the skill (W) , Identifying the weakness (P), and putting the skill back together (W)
31
What is Part Progressive Practice?
Part Progressive Practice (Chaining) is practicing the first bit of a skill then adding parts progressively
32
What is a learning Plateau?
A period of time where performance does not improve
33
What is meant by drive reduction?
A period of time where performance decreases
34
What are the causes of a learning plateau?
Lack of Motivation Boredom Coaching ability Lack of ability Targets too high / low Fatigue Many bees look towards flowers!
35
Solutions to a learning Plateau
Rewards Introduce Varied practice New coach PPP Smart goals Distributed practice
36
What are the types of feedback?
Positive - Negative Extrinsic - Intrinsic Knowledge of performance - knowledge of results Terminal - Concurrent
37
Types of feedback for a cognitive learner?
Knowledge of performance, Positive, Extrinsic, Terminal
38
Types of feedback for an autonomous learner
Negative, Intrinsic, Knowledge of Results, Concurrent
39
What are the 4 Types of guidance?
Verbal, Visual, Manual, Mechanical
40
What is meant by Visual Guidance?
Demonstrations done by an expert to provide the model of good practice, or by peers for motivation Model to copy Should be accurate, relevant to SOL and clear + Concise
41
What is meant by Verbal Guidance?
Instructions, around technique and teaching / coaching points
42
What is meant by Manual Guidance?
Physical Manipulation of performer, creates a kinaesthetic feel for movement
43
What is meant by Mechanical Guidance?
Use of equipment / Physical aids - Improves safety and confidence, allows kinaesthetic feel to be developed
44
What are the theories of learning?
Observational Learning Operant Conditioning Vygotsky ZPD / Constructivism Insight Learning
45
What is Observational Learning
This theory was researched by psychologist Albert Bandura in 1977 Suggests that both acceptable and unacceptable behaviour can be learnt through copying others
46
What is Bandura's Model?
Attention Retention Motor Production Motivation
47
What is Operant Conditioning?
The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated Actions that are rewarded are more likely to be repeated Known as the behaviourist theory because it connects stimulus to response
48
What are the principles of Operant Conditioning?
Trial and Error method Manipulate the environment Shapes the behaviour of the performer
49
What is an SR Bond?
Stimulant - Response Bond Reinforced actions are strengthened and incorrect actions are weakened
50
What is Positive Reinforcement?
The introduction of a pleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a correct response occurring again, this strengthens the SR bond
51
What is Negative Reinforcement?
Promotes correct actions being repeated by taking away any unpleasant stimuli when the performer is correct, this strengthens the SR Bond
52
What is meant by Punishment?
Punishment is where a coach introduces an unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions from being repeated, this weakens the SR Bond
53
How can a performer be punished?
Negative Criticism Tangibly - red card, ban, etc
54
What is meant by inter - psychological learning?
Learning from others externally. The learner uses an MKO (Coach) to learn technical skills and tactical knowledge
55
What is meant by intra-psychological learning?
Once external advice has been absorbed, learning can take place. The learner uses cognitive functions to analyse and construct actions based on what they have learnt externally
56
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
When the skill is too difficult for a child to master on his/ her own, but can be done with encouragement/ guidance from a knowledgeable person
57
What is meant by social development?
Learning through association with others
58
What is the zone of achieved development?
What can already be done
59
What are the three stages of constructivism?
What I can do What I can do with help What I can’t do yet