Memory

Question 1

What are the stages of the memory system?

Answer 1

Input
Sensory Memory
Working Memory / STM
LTM

Question 2

What is meant by selective attention?

Answer 2

The process of filtering relevant information from irrelevant information

Question 3

Characteristics of the STSS

Answer 3

Temporary facility - 0.5 - 1 Seconds
Stores lots of Info
Receives info from sense organs
Filters info from selective attention

Question 4

Characteristics of the STM

Answer 4

Can store 5-9 Items for 20-30 Seconds
Receives info from STSS
Requests motor programmes from LTM
Runs our motor programmes

Question 5

Characteristics of LTM

Answer 5

Stored info including motor programmes
Infinite capacity and stores indefinitely

Question 6

How to ensure information is stored in the long term memory

Answer 6

Mental Practice
Association
Focus
Chunking
Rewards
Chaining
Repitition

Question 7

How should mental practice be carried out prior to performance?

Answer 7

Needs to go somewhere quiet
Focus on the task
Build a clear picture in their mind
Sequence the action
Imagine success
Avoid images of failure
Practice regularly

Question 8

What are the 4 stages of the working memory model?

Answer 8

Central Executive
Phonological Loop
Episodic Buffer
Visuospatial Sketchpad

Question 9

What is the central executive’s role?

Answer 9

The Control Centre

Question 10

What is the function of the phonological loop?

Answer 10

Auditory senses to remember things we hear

Question 11

What is the function of the visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 11

Deals with visual and spatial info - navigation

Question 12

What is the function of the episodic buffer?

Answer 12

Allows visual and auditory information to be chunked

Question 13

What are the functions of the memory system?

Answer 13

The working memory initiates the action by sending a memory trace
Working memory has a limited capacity - approx 7 items - importance of selective attention
Important info stored in LTM as motor programme
The LTM has a large capacity to recall info for a lifetime if needed

Question 14

What is meant by DCR?

Answer 14

Detect the stimulus
Compare to past experiences
Recognise what is relevant

Question 15

What is the first stage of Whiting’s IP model?

Answer 15

Input (senses)

Question 16

How does information travel through Whiting’s IP model?

Answer 16

Input (senses) - Perceptual mechanisms- Translatory Mechanisms- Effector Mechanisms- Output - Feedback

Question 17

How can a coach improve the selective attention of players?

Answer 17

Increase the intensity of the stimulus
Increase time to react / slow down stimulus
Use of mental practice
Analysis of strengths + weaknesses
Relevant Practice
Highlight specific cues
Increase fitness levels
Train with distractions

Question 18

What does each central mechanism do in the IP model?

Answer 18

Perceptual = Stimulus Identification Stage
Translatory = Response selection stage
Effector = Response Programming Stage

Question 19

What is meant by Schema?

Answer 19

Storing general motor programmes that we adapt to suit our needs

Question 20

What are the two types of Schema?

Answer 20

Recall and Recognition

Question 21

What are the two stages of recall in schema?

Answer 21

Where am I? Initial conditions
What do I do? Response specification

Question 22

What are the 2 stages of recognition in schema?

Answer 22

How did it feel? Sensory consequences
What was the outcome? Response outcome

Question 23

What is meant by initial conditions in Schema?

Answer 23

Refers to the info from the sporting environment that must be recognised before the schema can be used

Question 24

What is meant by response specifications in schema?

Answer 24

The information from the environment is used to assess the available options to the performer

Question 25

What is meant by sensory consequences in schema?

Answer 25

Concern the use of senses to help guide the movement. Information used to control and apply the movement to the situation. How does it look and feel?

Question 26

What is meant by response outcome in Schema?

Answer 26

The schema and indeed the motor programme can be updated by getting ‘knowledge of results’

Question 27

How is response time calculated?

Answer 27

Reaction time + movement time

Question 28

What is meant by reaction time?

Answer 28

The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the onset of a response

Question 29

What is meant by movement time?

Answer 29

The time taken to complete the task

Question 30

What is meant by the response time?

Answer 30

The time taken from the onset of a stimulus to complete a task

Question 31

What are the two types of response time?

Answer 31

Simple and Choice

Question 32

What is meant by a simple reaction time?

Answer 32

One stimulus and one response

Question 33

What is meant by a choice reaction time?

Answer 33

Multiple stimuli and multiple responses available

Question 34

What does Hicks Law state?

Answer 34

As the number of stimuli increase, so does the reaction time

Question 35

What are some of the factors affecting response time?

Answer 35

Stage of learning Age Arousal levels Fitness levels Intensity of stimuli

Question 36

What does the single channel hypothesis state?

Answer 36

Stimuli can only be processed one at a time, therefore a second stimulus must wait until the first has been processed

Question 37

What is meant by the psychological refractory period?

Answer 37

This explains the delay that occurs because we can only process one stimulus at a time

Question 38

What is meant by anticipation?

Answer 38

'The prejudging of a stimulus'

Question 39

What is meant by temporal anticipation?

Answer 39

Prejudging when the stimulus is going to happen

Question 40

What is meant by spatial anticipation?

Answer 40

Refers to where and what the projected stimulus are going to be

Question 41

How can we improve response time?

Answer 41

Training specific stimuli expected in game Improving fitness improves reaction time - Plyometrics / Interval training Use of anticipation to predict the stimulus