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LOCO 2 > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

What % of body weight is skin

A

12-15%

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2
Q

What does skin protect us from

A 
Physical trauma
Infection
Penetration of drugs/ chemicals
UV
Water loss
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3
Q

What are functions of skin, excluding protection

A

Insulation
Sensory info
Vit. D synthesis

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4
Q

What are the 2 main layers of the skin

A

Epidermis

Dermis

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5
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis

A

Stratified squamous

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6
Q

What is the major cell type of the epidermis

A

Keratinocyte

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7
Q

Four main layers of epidermis (bottom to top)

A

Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum corneum

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8
Q

What do keratinocytes produce

A

Keratin

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9
Q

What is the most abundant protein in stratum corneum, hair and nails

A

Keratin

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of keratin and what makes them different

A

Soft, alpha type
Hard, beta type
Defined by secondary structure and S-S bonding

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11
Q

The expression pattern of keratins is specific to what

A

Epidermal layer

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12
Q

Where in the skin does proliferation occur

A

Basal layer

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13
Q

What maintains epidermis

A

Population of adult stem cells

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14
Q

Describe the characteristics of adult stem cells found in the epidermis

A

Long lived, slow cycling

Capable of self-renewal and terminal differentiation

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15
Q

What is the role of the basement membrane

A

Cell polarity
Regulating basal cell function
Anchoring epidermis to dermis

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16
Q

What does the basement membrane consist of

A

Laminin 332
Collagen IV
Collagen VII

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17
Q

What are hemidesmosomes

A

integrin receptors that link the keratin cytoskeleton to the basement membrane

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18
Q

How many cells thick is the stratum spinosum

A

3-4 cells thick

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19
Q

What gives the stratum spinosum its spiny appearance

A

Desmosomes

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20
Q

How many cells thick is the stratum granulosum

A

2-3 cells thick

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21
Q

What characterises stratum granulosum

A

Keratohyalin

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22
Q

Name 3 types of keratohyalin

A
  • Filaggrin
  • Involucrin
  • Loricrin
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23
Q

Which layer of skin is the main protective barrier

A

Stratum corneum

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24
Q

Describe the structure/ features of stratum corneum

A

Thick cornified envelope

Cross linked by enzymes

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25
What is the role of intercellular lipids in stratum corneum
Maintain moisture
26
Are cells in stratum corneum dead or alive
Dead
27
Name 4 cell-cell adhesions seen in skin
- Adherens junctions - Desmosome - Tight junction - Gap junction
28
What is an adherens junction
Cadherin receptor linked to actin cytoskeleton
29
What is a desmosome
Cadherin receptor linked to keratin cytoskeleton
30
What is a tight junction
Claudin and occludin seal intercellular space
31
What is a gap junction
INtercellular pore made up on connexins
32
What are the 3 layers of the dermis
Papillary Reticular Adipose
33
Function of the dermis
Provide strength and elasticity to skin
34
Is dermis vascular and innervated
Yes
35
What is the most abundant cell in the dermis
Fibroblast
36
Where does fibroblast originate
Mesenchyme
37
What do fibroblasts synthesise
Collagen Elastin Proteoglycans
38
Where is the papillary located
Beneath epidermis and BM
39
What makes up the papillary
Fine, randomly orientated type 3 collagen and elastin | Also contains many blood capillaries
40
Describe the structure of reticular
Large and densely packed collagen fibre
41
What layer of the skin provides much of the muscular strength
Reticular
42
What makes up a pilosebaceous unit
Hair follicle and sebaceous gland
43
Name the 2 types of hair follicle
Vellus body hair | Terminal scalp/ secondary sexual hair
44
What produces hair
Matrix keratinocytes
45
What controls hair growth
Dermal papilla fibroblasts
46
What do HF stem cells express
Keratin 15
47
When do HF stem cells given rise to hair cells
Under normal conditions
48
How do HF stem cells act upon wounding
Contribute to SG and epidemis
49
What are the 3 phases of the hair cycle
- Anagen-active - Catagen-regressive - Telogen- resting
50
What kind of gland is a sebaceous gland
Exocrine
51
When does sebaceous gland enlarge and why
Puberty because androgen sensitive
52
What do mature sebocytes contain
Sebum
53
How is sebum released
Cell ruptures | Sebum released into duct and onto skin
54
What causes acne
Sebaceous gland infection
55
What is the role of eccrine sweat glands
Thermoregulation
56
What % of sweat is water
99
57
What are the 2 main components of eccrine sweat gland
Excretory duct | Secretory coil
58
What is an apocrine gland
Sweat gland associated with hair follicles
59
What do apocrine secretions smell of
Nothing- odourless
60
Where are apocrine glands found
Axilla and pubic region
61
What do apocrine glands release
Volatile fatty acids
62
Name 4 'other' cell types found in skin
Melanocytes Langerhans cells Merkel cell Mast cell
63
What kind of cell is a melanocyte
Dendritic cell
64
What do melanocytes produce
Melanins such as eumelanin and pheomelanin
65
Where are melanosomes injected into
Keratinocytes
66
What is the function of melanocytes
Project against UV
67
In which layers are Langerhan cells found
Basal and spinal
68
What kind of cell is a Langerhan cell
Dendritic antigen presenting cell
69
What cell is the first line of defence in skin
Langerhan
70
What do Langerhan cells do
Present antigens to T lymphocytes
71
Where are merkel cells found
Stratum basale
72
What is the function of merkel cells
Sensory perception
73
Where are mast cells found
Dermis
74
Function of mast cells?
Immune response- secretes histamine
75
What skin layers are compromised in a superficial wound
Epidermis
76
What skin layers are compromised in a partial thickness wound
Epidermis and dermis
77
What skin layers are compromised in a full thickness wound
Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
78
What are the 3 phases of normal wound healing
Inflammation Proliferation Maturation
79
What happens in first 15 mins of inflammation and what cells are involved
Haemostasis | Endothelial cells
80
What happens between 15 mins- 6 days in inflammation
Erythema, heat, swelling and pain due to endothelial cells, mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages and T lymphocytes
81
Name 3 complications of wound healing
Infection Chronic wounds Scarring
82
What is the definition of a chronic wound
Not healed after 6 weeks
83
3 examples of chronic wounds
venous pressure diabetic ulcer

LOCO 2 (25 decks)

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