Skin and temperature regulation

Question 1

What is core body temp?

Answer 1

37 +/- 0.5

Question 2

What happens to the body above 41?

Answer 2

Proteins syart to denature

Question 3

What happens to the body below 30?

Answer 3

Lose conciousness

Question 4

What does body temp vary with?

Answer 4

External temp
Activity
Circardian rhythm
Menstrual cycle

Question 5

What factors are important in thermal balance?

Answer 5

Convection
Conduction
Evapoation
Radiation

Question 6

What is conduction?

Answer 6

Heat transfer between directly touching objects

Question 7

How do we lose heat via evaporation?

Answer 7

Respiartion

Sweating

Question 8

How much heat loss if via radiation?

Answer 8

60%

Question 9

How is the body’s temp detected?

Answer 9

Peripheral thermoreceptors

Central thermoreceptors

Question 10

Where are peripheral thermoreceptors located?

Answer 10

Skin, esp face and scrotum

Question 11

Where are central thermoreceptors located?

Answer 11

Spinal cord, abdo organs and hypothalamus

Question 12

Where is information from the peripheral and central thermoreceptors sent to?

Answer 12

Hypothalamus

Question 13

How us heat generated within the body increases?

Answer 13

General metabolism
Voluntary muscular activity
Shivering thermogenesis
Non shivering thermogenesis in infants

Question 14

How is heat loss from the body reduced?

Answer 14

Vasomotor control- Sympathetic arteriolar constriction reducing blood supply to skin
Behavioural responses- reducing surface area, adding clothing, going somewhere warmer

Question 15

What is hypothermia?

Answer 15

Fall in deep body temp below 35

Question 16

Who is at risk of hypothermia?

Answer 16

Neonates
Elderly
Vagrants- homeless person
Cold store workers
Outdoor pursuits
North sea workers

Question 17

Why are neonates at risk of hypothermia?

Answer 17

Not much fat, don’t shiver well

Question 18

Why are the elderly at risk of hypothermia?

Answer 18

Don’t detect temp change well

Less shivering capacity, less mobile

Question 19

What is the treatment of hypothermia?

Answer 19

Dry/insulate to prevent further heat loss
Slow rewarmingInternal rewarming with hot drinks and/or warm air
Fast rewarming by water immersion

Question 20

What are the types of frost bite?

Answer 20

Vascular

Cellular

Question 21

What causes vascular frostbite?

Answer 21

Vasoconstriction
Increase in viscosity
Promotes thrombosis
Causes anoxia

Question 22

What causes cellular hypothermia?

Answer 22

Ice crystals form in extracellular space, increasing extracellular osmolarity, causing movement of water from intracellular space
Dehydration and death

Question 23

How does the body minimise heat production?

Answer 23

Decreased physical activity

Decreased food intake

Question 24

How does the body increase heat loss?

Answer 24

Vasomotor control- arteriolar dilation
Sweating
Behavioural responses- increase surface area, remove clothing, move to shaded area

Question 25

What is heat exhaustion?

Answer 25

Body temp 37.5-40 resulting in vasodilation and drop in central blood volume

Question 26

What causes heat exhaustion?

Answer 26

Disturbance of body's fluid/salt balance due to excessive sweating

Question 27

What are th symptoms of heat exhaustion?

Answer 27

``` HEadache Nausea Confusion Profuse sweating and clammy skin Tachycardia Hypotension Weak pulse Fainting and collapse ```

Question 28

What is heat stroke?

Answer 28

Body temp >40 due to body temp control mechanisms failing

Question 29

Wha are the symptoms of heat stroke?

Answer 29

hOt dry skin | Circulatory collapse

Question 30

Who is most at risk o heat exhaustion and stroke?

Answer 30

Neonates and elderly People doing physical work in hot, humid environment Workers in non breathable protective clothing

Question 31

What is the treatment of heat exhaustion and stroke?

Answer 31

``` Move to cool environment Remove clothing Fan Sponge with tepid water Give fluids, oral or IV ```

Question 32

What is a fever?

Answer 32

Part of body's mechanism for fighting infection

Question 33

What causes a fever?

Answer 33

Endogenous pyrogens shifting the set point