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SBL Exam 2 > Skin Pharmacology > Flashcards

Skin Pharmacology Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

what factors affect cutaneous absorption?

A

region
concentration gradient
dosing schedule
vehicles/occlusion

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2
Q

when should you use creams?

A

for oozing/wet skin conditions

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3
Q

when should you use ointments?

A

for dry skin conditions

less likely to cause allergic rxn

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4
Q

what are emollients?

A

moisturizers that form an oily layer on top of skin that traps water in the skin

ex: petrolatum, lanolin mineral oil and dimethicone

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5
Q

what are humectants?

A

moisterizers that draw water into the outer layer of skin

ex: glycerin, lecithin, and propylene glycol

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6
Q

what are keratin softeners?

A

moisterizers that loosen the bonds between the top layer of cells to help dead skin cells fall of

helps the skin retain water and gives a smoother feeling

ex: urea, AHAs and allantoin

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7
Q

what does UVB radiation cause?

A

“burn”
erythema/sunburn
skin aging
photocarcinogenesis

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8
Q

what does UVA radiation cause?

A

“aging”
skin aging
cancer

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9
Q

what is glutaraldehyde?

A

a disinfectant that cross-links proteins on the cell envelope of microbes

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10
Q

what is chlorhexidine?

A

a disinfectant and antiseptic that affects the cytoplasmic membrane of microbes

  • safe for skin and oral mucosa due to low irritability
  • broad-spectrum
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11
Q

what are peroxygens?

A

a disinfectant that forms free hydroxl radicals which disrupts thiol groups in enzymes and proteins

ex: hydrogen peroxide

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12
Q

what are halogens?

A

a disinfectant that oxidizes thiol groups of disulfides, sulfoxides or disulfoxides of microbes

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13
Q

what is the protocal for antiseptic wash on wounds?

A

generally not necessary unless the wound is infected since the antiseptic can impede wound healing

*saline debridement is sufficient

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14
Q

what category of patients should be monitored for wound healing?

A

diabetics

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15
Q

what is becaplermin?

A

platelet derived growth factor that promotes cell proliferation and angiogenesis

  • only approved treatment of chronic diabetic food ulcers
  • black box warning for malignancy
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16
Q

what is the general rule for wound dressings?

A

wounds should be kept moist and not exposed to air

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17
Q

what are the components of neosporin?

A

bacitracin: gram +
neomycin: gram -
polymixin B: gram -

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18
Q

what is the MOA of topical imidazoles (antifungals)?

A

block ergosterol synthesis

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19
Q

what does miconazole treat?

A

vulvovaginal candidiasis

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20
Q

what does clotrimazole treat?

A

vulvovaginal candidiasis

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21
Q

what does efinaconazole treat?

A

onychomycosis

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22
Q

what does ketoconazole treat?

A

dermatophytosis
candidiasis
seborrheic dermatitis

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23
Q

ciclopirox

A

broad spectrum topical antifungal

disrupts macromolecular synthesis

treats dermatophytes, candida, and malassezia

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24
Q

terbinafine

A

topical antifungal agent

selectively inhibits squalene epoxidase, a key enzyme for ergosterol synthesis

treats dermatophytes

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25
tolnaftate
topical antifungal unknown MOA treats dermatophytes and malassezia
26
nystatin
topical antifungal binds to fungal sterols to alter membrane permeability treats cutaneous and mucosal candida infection
27
amphotericin B
topical antifungal binds to fungal sterols to alter membrane permeability treats cutaneous candida infections
28
acyclovir
topical antiviral agent synthetic guanine analog acts on HSV 1 and 2
29
what are nonpharmacologic treatments for pruritis?
``` skin moisturization cool environment avoidance of skin irritants stress reduction physical intervention ```
30
topical corticosteroids
anti-pruritic treatment to treat underlying skin inflammation
31
what are the topical calcineurin inhibitors? What do they treat?
tacrolimus and pimecrolimus anogenital pruritus
32
doxepin
possible H1 antagonist that treats pruritis
33
menthol
TRPM8 agonist provides cooling sensation to soothe pruritis
34
capsaicin
TRPV1 agonist stimulates neurons to release and eventually deplete neuropeptides to induce lasting desensitization
35
salicylic acid
COX inhibitor and keratolytic anti-inflammatory for treatment of acne and dandruff
36
what local anesthetics are useful for pruritis?
pramoxine lidocaine lidocane and prilocaine mixture
37
what systemic therapies are used to treat pruritis?
``` antihistamines antidepressants opioid receptor antagonists anticonvulsants (gabapentin) substance P antagonist ```
38
brimonidine
alpha 2 agonist: vasoconstriction applied topically to treat rosacea
39
oxymetazoline
mixed alpha 1 and alpha 2 agonist: vasoconstriction applied topically to treat rosacea
40
what drugs can treat red eyes?
adrenergic receptor agonists phenylephrine, naphazoline, and tetrahydrozoline
41
malathion
topical organophosphate AchE inhibitor treats ectoparasites
42
permethrin
topical agent that binds to insect Na+ channel to block membrane potential treats ectoparasites
43
ivermectin
oral glutamate-gate Cl- channel agonist to hyperpolarize insect nerve and muscle cells treats ectoparasites
44
lindane
topical agent that disrupts GABAergic transmission in insects treats ectoparasites
45
what is the preferred treatment for mild comedonal acne?
topical retinoid
46
what is the preferred treatment for mild mixed papular/pustular acne?
topical retinoid + topical antibiotic
47
what is the preferred treatment for moderate mixed papular/pustular acne?
oral antibiotic + topical retinoid +/- benzoyl peroxide
48
what is the preferred treatment for moderate nodular acne?
oral antibiotic + topical retinoid + benzoyl peroxide
49
what is the preferred treatment for severe nodular/conglobate acne?
oral isotretnoin
50
what are the topical retinoids for acne treatment?
tretinoin adapalene tazarotene
51
what are the topical antimicrobials for acne treatment?
``` benzoyl peroxide clindamycin erythromycin dapsone sulfacetamide ```
52
azaleic acid
a dicarboxylic acid that kills acne bacteria and decreases keratin production can treat acne and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation topical application
53
what oral antibiotics are used for acne treatment?
``` tetracycline doxycycline minocycle erythromycin azithromycin trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole ```
54
what hormonal agents are used for acne treatment?
oral contraceptives | spironolactone
55
what is the major risk when taking oral isotretinoin?
teratogenicity
56
what topical therapies can treat psoriasis?
``` emollients corticosteroids topical vitamin D analogs tar tazarotene calcineurin inhibitors anthralin salt water baths ```
57
What is the clinical application of UV light therapy?
UVB and photochemotherapy (PUVA) can treat moderate to severe psoriasis
58
what systemic therapies can treat psoriasis?
``` methotrexate apremilast retinoids systemic calcineurin inhibitors biologic agents (secukinumab and ustekinumab) ```
59
apremilast
PDE4 inhibitor which increases cAMP in cells reduces inflammatory mediators (NOS, TNFa and IL-23) increased anti-inflammatory mediators (IL-10)
60
crisaborole
PDE4 inhibitor recently approved for topical dermatitis therapy
61
ustekinumab
monoclonal Ab that targets proinflammatory cytokines IL-12 and IL-23 treats psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and Crohn disease *risk of infection
62
secukinumab
monoclonal Ab that targets proinflammatory cytokine IL-17A treats psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis *risk of infection
63
what are some treatments for actinic keratosis?
``` liquid nitrogen cryotherapy surgical removal pharmacotherapy red light therapy dermabrasion chemical peels ```
64
5-fluroruracil
topical agent that inhibits thymidylate synthetase to prevent cell proliferation and causes cell death results in erythema, blistering, necrosis, and then re-epithelialization treatment for actinic keratosis
65
what topical medications can treat BCC/SCC?
imiquimod | 5-fluorouracil
66
imiquimod
topical immune response modifier that stimulates local cytokine induction effective therapy for actinic keratosis
67
what is used to treat BCC?
vismodegib sonidegib *oral SHH signal pathway inhibitors
68
dacarbazine
conventional chemotherapy for melanoma +/- (camustine and tamoxifen) or (cisplatin and vinblastine)
69
vemurafenib
MAP kinase pathway inhibitor for BRAF mutation (melanoma) results in apoptosis
70
what is the preferred treatment method for non-metastatic melanoma?
surgical excision
71
minoxidil
vasodilates hair follicles due to K+ channel opening promotes hair growth for male and female pattern baldness *Rogaine*
72
finasteride
oral inhibitor of DHT production treats male pattern baldness
73
what anti-androgens can treat female pattern baldness?
spironolactone finasteride flutamide
74
DPCP (diphenylcyclopropenone)
causes contact dermatitis which results in hair growth treats alopecia areata

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