Skin Pathology Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
What are the layers of the epidermis?
A
Stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale
come, lets get sun burned
2
Q
excoriation
A
traumatic lesion breaking the epidermis and causing a raw linear area; often self-induced
3
Q
lichenification
A
thickened, rough skin; usually the result of repeated rubbing
4
Q
macule
A
circumscribed, flat lesion distinguished from surrounding skin by color
5
Q
onycholysis
A
separation of nail plate from nail bed
6
Q
papule
A
elevated, dome-shaped of flat-topped lesion
7
Q
plaque
A
elevated, flat-topped lesion usually greater than 5mm
8
Q
scale
A
dry, horny, platelike, excrescence, usually the result of imperfect cornification
9
Q
pustule
A
discrete, pus-filled, raised lesion
10
Q
vesicle (blister)
A
fluid-filled raised lesion
11
Q
wheal
A
itchy, transient, elevated lesion with variable blanching and erythema formed as the result of dermal edema
12
Q
acanthosis
A
diffuse epidermal hyperplasia
13
Q
dyskeratosis
A
abnormal, premature keratinization within cells below the stratum granulosum
14
Q
erosion
A
discontinuity of the skin showing incomplete loss of the epidermis
15
Q
exocytosis
A
infiltration of the epidermis by inflammatory cells
16
Q
hydropic swelling
A
intracellular edema of keratinocytes, often seen with viral infections
17
Q
hypergranulosis
A
hyperplasia of the stratum granulosum, often due to intense rubbing
18
Q
hyperkeratosis
A
thickening of the stratum corneum, often associated with qualitative abnormality of the keratin
19
Q
lentiginous
A
a linear pattern of melanocyte proliferation within the epidermal basal cell layer
20
Q
papillomatosis
A
surface elevation caused by hyperplasia and enlargement of contiguous dermal papillae
21
Q
parakeratosis
A
keratinization with retained nuclei in the stratum corneum. normal in mucous membranes
22
Q
spongiosus
A
intercellular edema of the epidermis
23
Q
ulceration
A
discontinuity of the skin showing complete loss of the epidermis revealing dermis or subcutaneous
24
Q
vacuolization
A
formation of vacuoles within or adjacent to cells; usually basement membrane
25
what are the disorders of pigmentation and melanocytes
```
freckles (ephelis)
lentigo
melanocytic nevus
dysplasic nevus
melanoma
```
26
what are the benign epithelial tumors?
seborrheic keratoses
acanthosis nigricans
fibroepithelial polyp
epithelial or follicular inclusion cyst
27
what are the premalignant and malignant epithelial tumors?
actinic keratosis
squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
28
what are the tumors of the dermis?
benign fibrous histiocytomas (dermatofibroma)
| dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
29
what are the tumors of cellular migrants to the skin?
mycosis fungoides
| mastocytosis
30
what is a lentigo?
localized melanocytic hyperplasia
31
congenital nevus
present at birth
deep dermal and subcutaneous growth
includes neurovascular bundles
*increased risk of melanoma*
32
blue nevus
non-nested dermal infiltration often associated with fibrosis
highly dendritic, heavily pigmented cells
*black-blue nodule, often confused with melanoma*
33
spitz nevus
fascicular growth
large, plump cells with pink-blue cytoplasm; fusiform cells
common in children
red-pink nodule often confused with hemangioma
34
halo nevus
lymphocytic (T-cell) infiltration surrounding nevus cells
host immune response against nevus cells and surrounding normal melanocytes
35
dysplastic nevus
coalescent intraepidermal nests
cytologic atypia
potential marker or precursor for melanoma
36
malignant melanoma
most deadly of all skin cancers
strongly linked to sun exposure
inherently immunogenic due to T-cell response
37
what is the pathological marker for melanoma?
HMB-45 (monoclonal antibody)
38
seborrhetic keratosis
waxy exophytic lesions common in older people
mostly found on the trunk
confused with melanoma
39
What is Leser-Trelat sign?
crops of seborrhetic keratosis that may indicate cancer
40
acanthosis nigricans
mostly benign aquired tumor associated with obesity or DM
rarely inherited (AD)
20% associated with malignancy (GI cancer)
41
fibroepithelial polyp
skin tag or acrochordon
42
epithelial inclusion cyst
also called a sebaceous cyst or a wen
collections of skin cells that have a tendency to become infected
43
what are the different adenexal appendages?
```
eccrine poroma
cylindroma
syringoma
sebaceous adenoma
pilomatricoma
```
44
what cell signaling molecule is key in the development of normal tissue homeostasis?
what occurs if this pathway is mutated?
SHH binding to PTCH
BCC occurs with mutation
45
benign fibrous histiocytoma (dermatofibroma)
dermal neoplasm
asymptomatic and non-tender lesions that may change in size over time
associated with antecedent trauma suggesting abnormal response to injury
46
mneumonic for painful skin lesions
"GLEN DAB"
Glomus tumor (under the nail)
Leiomyoma
Eccrine spiradenoma
Neurofibroma
Dermatofibroma
Angiolipoma
Blue rubber bleb nevus
47
dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
primary fibrosarcoma of the dermis
translocation involving genes COL1A1 and PDGFB
48
mycosis fungoides
cutaneous CD4 T-cell lymphoma
circulating phase = sezary syndrome
49
mastocytosis
cutaneous cases termed urticaria pigmentosum
increased mast cells in the skin
predominantely children
associated with RTK mutation
50
What is Darier sign?
localized area of dermal edema and erythema that occurs when mastocytosis lesional skin is rubbed
51
What are the disorders of epidermal maturation?
ichthyosis
52
what are the acute inflammatory dermatoses?
urticaria
acute eczematous dermatitis
erythema multiforme
53
what are the chronic inflammatory dermatoses?
psoriasis
seborrheic dermatitis
lichen planus
54
what are the blistering diseases?
```
pemphigus
bullous pemphigus
dermatitis herpteiformis
epidermolysis bullosa
porphyria
```
55
what are the disorders of epidermal appendages?
acne vulgaris
| rosacea
56
what are the panniculitis disorders?
erythema nodosum
| erythema induratum
57
what are the infectious disorders?
varrucae
molluscum contagiosum
impetigo
superficial fungal infections
58
ichthyosis
a group of inherited disorders apparent soon after birth characterized by excessive keratin buildup resulting in fish-like scales
acquired variants may be manifestations of malignancy
59
urticaria
characterized by mast cell degranulation and resultant dermal microvascular hyperpermeability
FcERI receptor binds to Fc portion of IgE
Type 1 hypersensitivity
60
what are the subtypes of acute eczematous dermatitis?
```
allergic contact dermatitis
atopic dermatitis
drug-related dermatitis
photoeczematous dermatitis
primary irritant dermatitis
```
61
erythema multiforme
uncommon self-limited type 4 hypersensitivity reaction to certain infections and drugs
bulls-eye lesion
62
what infections cause erythema multiforme?
```
herpes simplex
mycoplasmal
histoplasmosis
coccidoidomycosis
typhoid
leprosy
```
63
what drugs cause erythema multiforme?
```
sulfonamides
penicillin
barbiturates
salicylates
hydantoins
antimalarials
```
64
what diseases present with erythema multiforme?
SLE
dermatomyositis
polyarteritis nodosa
65
psoriasis
chronic inflammatory dermatosis with autoimmune basis
pink-salmon colored plaques with loosely adherent silver-white scales
cytology shows monroe microabcesses
15% have associated arthritis
30% have nail changes (yellow-brown)
66
What is Auspitz sign?
small bleeding points after removing scales from psoriasis plaques
67
what is the Koebner phenomenon?
| what disorders are associated with this phenomenon?
appearance of new lesions after cutaneous injury on previously healthy skin
psoriasis
dermatofibroma
lichen planus
68
what is treatment for psoriasis?
anti-TNF and anti-IL17 therapy
*CD4 target*
69
seborrhetic dermatitis
chronic inflammatory dermatosis in areas with high density sebaceous glands
cytology shows CD4 or neutrophils
70
what diseases are associated with seborrhetic dermatitis?
HIV with low CD4
| Parkinson's disease
71
Lichen planus
pruritic, purple, polygonal, planar, papules and plaques
involves skin and mucousa
spontaneously resovles 1-2 years after onset with residual post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation
SCC associated with chronic mucosal lesions
72
pemphigus
blistering disorder caused by autoantibodies that result in dissolution of intercellular attachments within the epidermis and mucosal epithelium
IgG autoantibodies against desmogleins
73
bullous pemphigoid
generally affects elderly patients
caused by autoantibodies that bind to proteins required for adherence of basal keratinocytes to basement membrane
74
dermatitis herpetiformis
rare disorder characterized by urticaria and grouped vesicles
associated with celiac disease and responds to gluten-free diet
granular deposits of IgA that localize to the dermal papillae
75
epidermolysis bullosa
blanket term for disorders caused by inherited defects in structural proteins that lend mechanical stability to the skin
prone to blisters at or soon after birth
76
porphyria
inborn or acquired disturbances of porphyrin metabolism
urticaria and vesicles associated with scarring - exacerbated by sun exposure
77
acne vulgaris
chronic inflammatory dermatitis associated with P. acnes bacteria
also caused by hormal fluctuations and androgens
treat with abx and retinoids
78
rosacea
chronic inflammatory dermatitis associated with increased/abnormal catheliciden and peptides
associated with activation of TLR
persistent erythema and rhinophyma
79
panniculitis
inflammation of subcutaneous fat layer
80
erythema nodosum
type of panniculitis
```
mneumonic for causes:
NO cause found in 60% of cases
Drugs
Oral contraceptives
Sarcoidosis or Lofgren's syndrome
Ulcerative colitis, crohn's, bechet's
Micro: TB, viral, bacterial and parasitic
```
81
erythema induratum
uncommon panniculitis that affects adolescents and menopausal women
possible primary vasculitis of deep vessels supplying fat nodules of subcutaneous skin
erythematous nodules that ulcerate
82
what bacteria are known to cause impetigo?
S. aureus and group A beta hemolytic strep
83
what are toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and steven johnson syndrome (SJS)?
severe adverse cutaneous drug reactions
potentionally fatal
hemorrhagic erosions, erythema and severe epidermal detachment presenting as blisters
SJS less severe covering <10% of the body
TEN most severe covering >30% of the body
84
actinic keratosis
premalignant tumor
tendency to progress to SCC
hard, horn-like lesion
85
what condition is associated with subcorneal acantholysis?
pemphigus foliaceous
86
what condition is associated suprabasal acantholysis?
pemphigus vulgaris
87
what conditions are associated with subepidermal acantholysis?
bullous pemphigoid
| dermatitis herpetiformis
