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General Anatomy > Skull > Flashcards

Skull Flashcards

1
Q

The skull has ______ bones, excluding the ossicles of the ear.

A

22

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2
Q

Except for the mandible, which forms the lower jaw, the bones of the skull are attached to each other by sutures, are immobile, and form the ______.

A

cranium

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3
Q

The cranium can be subdivided into:

• an upper domed part (the ______), which covers the cranial cavity containing the brain,
• a ______ that consists of the floor of the cranial cavity, and
• a lower anterior part—the facial skeleton (______).

A

calvaria, base, viscerocranium

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4
Q

The bones forming the calvaria are mainly the paired ______ and ______ bones, and parts of the unpaired ______, ______, and ______ bones.

A

temporal, parietal, frontal, sphenoid, occipital

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5
Q

The bones forming the base of the cranium are mainly parts of the ______, ______, and ______ bones.

A

sphenoid, temporal, occipital

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6
Q

The bones forming the facial skeleton are the paired ______ bones, ______ bones, ______ bones, ______ bones, ______ and ______ and the unpaired ______.

A

nasal, palatine, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxillae, inferior nasal conchae, vomer

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7
Q

The ______ is not part of the cranium nor part of the facial skeleton.

A

mandible

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8
Q

The ______ of the skull includes the forehead superiorly, and, inferiorly, the orbits, the nasal region, the part of the face between the orbit and the upper jaw, the upper jaw, and the lower jaw.

A

anterior view

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9
Q

The forehead consists of the ______, which also forms the superior part of the rim of each orbit.

A

frontal bone

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10
Q

Just superior to the rim of the orbit on each side are the raised ______.

A

superciliary arches

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11
Q

Superciliary arches are more pronounced in ______.

A

men

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12
Q

Between the superciliary arches is a small depression (the ______).

A

glabella

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13
Q

Clearly visible in the medial part of the superior rim of each orbit is the ______ (______).

A

supra-orbital foramen, supra-orbital notch

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14
Q

Medially, the ______ bone projects inferiorly forming a part of the medial rim of the orbit.

A

frontal

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15
Q

Laterally, the ______ process of the frontal bone projects inferiorly forming the upper lateral rim of the orbit.

A

zygomatic

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16
Q

The zygomatic process of the frontal bone articulates with the ______ process of the zygomatic bone.

A

frontal

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17
Q

The lower lateral rim of the orbit, as well as the lateral part of the inferior rim of the orbit is formed by the ______ (the ______).

A

zygomatic bone, cheekbone

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18
Q

Superiorly, in the nasal region the paired ______ bones articulate with each other in the midline, and with the frontal bone superiorly.

A

nasal

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19
Q

The center of the frontonasal suture formed by the articulation of the nasal bones and the frontal bone is the ______.

A

nasion

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20
Q

Laterally, each nasal bone articulates with the ______ process of each maxilla.

A

frontal

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21
Q

Inferiorly, the ______ is the large opening in the nasal region and the anterior opening of the nasal cavity.

A

piriform aperture

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22
Q

It is bounded superiorly by the nasal bones and laterally and inferiorly by each maxilla.

A

piriform aperture

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23
Q

Visible through the piriform aperture are the fused ______, forming the lower part of the bony ______ and ending anteriorly as the ______, and the paired ______.

A

nasal crests, nasal septum, anterior nasal spine, inferior nasal conchae

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24
Q

The part of the face between the orbit and the upper teeth and each upper jaw is formed by the paired ______.

A

maxillae

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25
Q

Superiorly, each ______ contributes to the inferior and medial rims of the orbit.

A

maxilla

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26
Q

Laterally, the ______ of each maxilla articulates with the zygomatic bone and medially, the ______ of each maxilla articulates with the frontal bone.

A

zygomatic process, frontal process

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27
Q

Inferiorly, the part of each maxilla, lateral to the opening of the nasal cavity, is the ______ of the maxilla.

A

body

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28
Q

On the anterior surface of the body of the maxilla, just below the inferior rim of the orbit, is the ______.

A

infra-orbital foramen

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29
Q

Inferiorly, each maxilla ends as the ______, which contains the teeth and forms the upper jaw.

A

alveolar process

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30
Q

The lower jaw (______) is the most inferior structure in the anterior view of the skull.

A

mandible

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31
Q

The mandible consists of the ______ of the mandible anteriorly and the ______ of the mandible posteriorly.

A

body, ramus

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32
Q

The body of the mandible and the ramus of the mandible meet posteriorly at the ______ of the mandible.

A

angle

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33
Q

The body of the mandible is arbitrarily divided into two parts:

– The lower part is the ______ of the mandible.
– The upper part is the ______ of the mandible.

A

base, alveolar part

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34
Q

The ______ of the mandible contains the teeth and is resorbed when the teeth are removed.

A

alveolar part

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35
Q

The base of the mandible has a midline swelling (the ______) on its anterior surface where the two sides of the mandible come together.

A

mental protuberance

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36
Q

Just lateral to the mental protuberance, on either side, are slightly more pronounced bumps (______).

A

mental tubercles

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37
Q

Laterally, a ______ is visible halfway between the upper border of the alveolar part of the mandible and the lower border of the base of the mandible.

A

mental foramen

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38
Q

Continuing past the mental foramen is a ridge (the ______) passing from the front of the ramus onto the body of the mandible.

A

oblique line

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39
Q

The ______ is a point of attachment for muscles that depress the lower lip.

A

oblique line

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40
Q

The ______ of the skull consists of the lateral wall of the cranium, which includes lateral portions of the calvaria and the facial skeleton, and half of the lower jaw.

A

lateral view

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41
Q

Bones forming the lateral portion of the calvaria include the ______, ______, ______, ______, and ______ bones.

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, sphenoid, temporal

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42
Q

Bones forming the visible part of the facial skeleton (lateral view) include the ______, ______, and ______ bones.

A

nasal, maxilla, zygomatic

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43
Q

The ______ forms the visible part of the lower jaw (lateral view).

A

mandible

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44
Q

The lateral portion of the calvaria begins anteriorly with the ______ bone.

A

frontal

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45
Q

In upper regions, the frontal bone articulates with the parietal bone at the ______.

A

coronal suture

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46
Q

The parietal bone then articulates with the occipital bone at the ______.

A

lambdoid suture

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47
Q

In lower parts of the lateral portion of the calvaria, the frontal bone articulates with the ______, which then articulates with the parietal bone at the ______, and with the anterior edge of the temporal bone at the ______.

A

greater wing of the sphenoid bone, sphenoparietal suture, sphenosquamous suture

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48
Q

The junction where the frontal, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal bones are in close proximity is the ______.

A

pterion

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49
Q

The clinical consequences of a skull fracture in this area can be very serious.

A

pterion

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50
Q

The bone in the pterion is particularly thin and overlies the anterior division of the middle meningeal artery, which can be torn by a skull fracture in this area, resulting in an ______.

A

extradural hematoma

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51
Q

The final articulation across the lower part of the lateral portion of the calvaria is between the temporal bone and the occipital bone at the ______.

A

occipitomastoid suture

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52
Q

A major contributor to the lower portion of the lateral wall of the cranium is the ______ bone.

A

temporal

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53
Q

The temporal bone consists of several parts:

A

squamous part, zygomatic process, tympanic part, petromastoid part

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54
Q

The ______ of the temporal bone has the appearance of a large flat plate, forms the anterior and superior parts of the temporal bone, contributes to the lateral wall of the cranium, and articulates anteriorly with the greater wing of the sphenoid bone at the sphenosquamous suture, and with the parietal bone superiorly at the squamous suture.

A

squamous part

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55
Q

The ______ of the temporal bone is an anterior bony projection from the lower surface of the squamous part of the temporal bone that initially projects laterally and then curves anteriorly to articulate with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone to form the ______.

A

zygomatic process, zygomatic arch

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56
Q

Immediately below the origin of the zygomatic process from the squamous part of the temporal bone is the tympanic part of the temporal bone, and clearly visible on the surface of this part is the ______ leading to the ______ (ear canal).

A

external acoustic opening, external acoustic meatus

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57
Q

The petromastoid part of the temporal bone, which is usually separated into a ______ and a ______ for descriptive purposes.

A

petrous part, mastoid part

58
Q

The ______ is the most posterior part of the temporal bone, and is the only part of the petromastoid part of the temporal bone seen on a lateral view of the skull.

A

mastoid part

59
Q

The mastoid part is continuous with the squamous part of the temporal bone anteriorly, and articulates with the parietal bone superiorly at the ______, and with the occipital bone posteriorly at the ______.

A

parietomastoid suture, occipitomastoid suture

60
Q

The parietomastoid and occipitomastoid sutures are continuous with each other, and the parietomastoid suture is continuous with the ______.

A

squamous suture

61
Q

Inferiorly, a large bony prominence (the ______) projects from the inferior border of the mastoid part of the temporal bone. This is a point of attachment for several muscles.

A

mastoid process

62
Q

Medial to the mastoid process, the ______ projects from the lower border of the temporal bone.

A

styloid process

63
Q

The bones of the viscerocranium visible in a lateral view of the skull include the ______, ______, and ______ bones.

A

nasal, maxilla, zygomatic

64
Q

The ______ with its alveolar process containing teeth forming the upper jaw; anteriorly, it articulates with the nasal bone; superiorly, it contributes to the formation of the inferior and medial borders of the orbit; medially, its frontal process articulates with the frontal bone; laterally, its zygomatic process articulates with the zygomatic bone.

A

maxilla

65
Q

The ______, an irregularly shaped bone with a rounded lateral surface that forms the prominence of the cheek, is a visual centerpiece in this view— medially, it assists in the formation of the inferior rim of the orbit through its articulation with the zygomatic process of the maxilla; superiorly, its frontal process articulates with the zygomatic process of the frontal bone assisting in the formation of the lateral rim of the orbit; laterally, seen prominently in this view of the skull, the horizontal temporal process of the zygomatic bone projects backward to articulate with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and so form the zygomatic arch.

A

zygomatic bone

66
Q

Usually a small foramen (the ______) is visible on the lateral surface of the zygomatic bone.

A

zygomaticofacial foramen

67
Q

A ______ foramen is present on the medial deep surface of the bone.

A

zygomaticotemporal

68
Q

The final bony structure visible in a lateral view of the skull is the ______.

A

mandible

69
Q

Inferiorly in the anterior part of the lateral view, the mandible consists of the anterior ______ of the mandible, a posterior ______ of the mandible, and the ______ of the mandible where the inferior margin of the mandible meets the posterior margin of the ramus

A

body, ramus, angle

70
Q

The teeth are in the ______ of the body of the mandible and the mental protuberance is visible in the lateral view.

A

alveolar part

71
Q

The ______ is on the lateral surface of the body of the mandible, and on the superior part of the ramus of the mandible ______ and ______ processes extend upward.

A

mental foramen, condylar, coronoid

72
Q

The ______ process is involved in articulation of the mandible with the temporal bone, and the ______ process is the point of attachment for the temporalis muscle.

A

condylar, coronoid

73
Q

The ______, ______, and ______ bones are seen in the posterior view of the skull.

A

occipital, parietal, temporal

74
Q

Centrally the flat or ______ of the occipital bone is the main structure in the posterior view of the skull.

A

squamous part

75
Q

Along the lambdoid suture small islands of bone (______ or ______) may be observed.

A

sutural bones, wormian bones

76
Q

Several bony landmarks are visible on the ______ bone.

A

occipital

77
Q

On the occipital bone, there is a midline projection (the ______) with curved lines extending laterally from it (______).

A

external occipital protuberance, superior nuchal lines

78
Q

The most prominent point of the external occipital protuberance is the ______.

A

inion

79
Q

About 1 inch (2.5 cm) below the superior nuchal lines two additional lines (the ______) curve laterally.

A

inferior nuchal lines

80
Q

Extending downward from the external occipital protuberance is the ______.

A

external occipital crest

81
Q

Laterally, the temporal bones are visible in the posterior view of the skull, with the ______ processes being the prominent feature.

A

mastoid

82
Q

On the inferomedial border of each mastoid process is a notch (the ______), which is a point of attachment for the posterior belly of the digastric muscle.

A

mastoid notch

83
Q

The ______ bone, ______ bones, and ______ bone are seen in a superior view of the skull. These bones make up the superior part of the ______ or the ______ (skullcap).

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, calvaria, calva

84
Q

The unpaired frontal bone articulates with the paired parietal bones at the ______.

A

coronal suture

85
Q

The two parietal bones articulate with each other in the midline at the ______.

A

sagittal suture

86
Q

The parietal bones articulate with the unpaired occipital bone at the ______.

A

lambdoid suture

87
Q

The junction of the sagittal and coronal sutures is the ______, and the junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures is the ______.

A

bregma, lambda

88
Q

The only foramina visible in the superior view of the skull may be the paired ______, posteriorly, one on each parietal bone just lateral to the sagittal suture.

A

parietal foramina

89
Q

The bones making up the calvaria are unique in their structure, consisting of dense internal and external tables of compact bone separated by a layer of spongy bone (the ______).

A

diploë

90
Q

The ______ of the skull is seen in the inferior view and extends anteriorly from the middle incisor teeth posteriorly to the superior nuchal lines and laterally to the mastoid processes and zygomatic arches.

A

base

91
Q

For descriptive purposes the base of the skull is often divided into:

• an ______ which includes the teeth and the hard palate,
• a ______, which extends from behind the hard palate to the anterior margin of the foramen magnum, and
• a ______, which extends from the anterior edge of the foramen magnum to the superior nuchal lines.

A

anterior part, middle part, posterior part

92
Q

The main features of the anterior part of the base of the skull are the ______ and the ______.

A

teeth, hard palate

93
Q

The teeth project from the ______ of the two maxillae.

A

alveolar processes

94
Q

These processes are together arranged in a U-shaped alveolar arch that borders the hard palate on three sides.

A

alveolar processes

95
Q

The hard palate is composed of the ______ of each maxilla anteriorly and the ______ of each palatine bone.

A

palatine processes, horizontal plates

96
Q

The paired palatine processes of each maxilla meet in the midline at the ______, the paired maxillae and the paired palatine bones meet at the ______, and the paired horizontal plates of each palatine bone meet in the midline at the ______.

A

intermaxillary suture, palatomaxillary suture, interpalatine suture

97
Q

The ______ fossa in the anterior midline immediately posterior to the teeth, the walls of which contain incisive foramina (the openings of the ______, which are passageways between the hard palate and nasal cavity);

A

incisive, incisive canals

98
Q

The ______ foramina near the posterolateral border of the hard palate on each side, which lead to ______.

A

greater palatine, greater palatine canals

99
Q

Just posterior to the greater palatine foramina, the ______ foramina in the pyramidal process of each palatine bone, which lead to ______.

A

lesser palatine, lesser palatine canals

100
Q

A midline pointed projection (the ______) in the free posterior border of the hard palate.

A

posterior nasal spine

101
Q

The middle part of the base of the skull is complex:

• Forming the anterior half are the ______ and ______ bones.
• Forming the posterior half are the ______ and paired ______ bones.

A

vomer, sphenoid, occipital, temporal

102
Q

Anteriorly, the small ______ is in the midline, resting on the sphenoid bone. It contributes to the formation of the bony nasal septum separating the two choanae.

A

vomer

103
Q

Most of the anterior part of the middle part of the base of the skull consists of the ______ bone.

A

sphenoid

104
Q

The sphenoid bone is made up of a centrally placed ______, paired ______ and ______ projecting laterally from the body, and two downward projecting ______ immediately lateral to each choana.

A

body, greater, lesser wings, pterygoid processes

105
Q

Three parts of the sphenoid bone, the ______, ______, and ______, are seen in the inferior view of the skull.

A

body, greater wings, pterygoid processes

106
Q

The ______ of the sphenoid is not seen in the inferior view.

A

lesser wing

107
Q

The ______ of the sphenoid is a centrally placed cube of bone containing two large air sinuses separated by a septum.

A

body

108
Q

Extending downward from the junction of the body and the greater wings of the sphenoid bone are the ______.

A

pterygoid processes

109
Q

Each of the pterygoid processes consists of a narrow ______ and broader ______ separated by the ______.

A

medial plate, lateral plate, pterygoid fossa

110
Q

Each medial plate of the pterygoid process ends inferiorly with a hook-like projection, the ______, and divides superiorly to form the small, shallow ______.

A

pterygoid hamulus, scaphoid fossa

111
Q

Just superior to the scaphoid fossa, at the root of the medial plate of the pterygoid process is the opening of the ______, which passes forward from near the anterior margin of the foramen lacerum.

A

pterygoid canal

112
Q

Lateral to the lateral plate of the pterygoid process is the ______ of the sphenoid, which not only forms a part of the base of the skull but also continues laterally to form part of the lateral wall of the skull.

A

greater wing

113
Q

Important features visible on the surface of the greater wing in an inferior view of the skull are the ______ and the ______ on the posterolateral border extending outward from the upper end of the lateral plate of the pterygoid process.

A

foramen ovale, foramen spinosum

114
Q

In the posterior half of the middle part of the base of the skull are the occipital bone and the paired ______.

A

temporal bones

115
Q

The occipital bone, or more specifically its ______, is in the midline immediately posterior to the body of the sphenoid.

A

basilar part

116
Q

The basilar part of the occipital bone extends posteriorly to the ______ and is bounded laterally by the temporal bones.

A

foramen magnum

117
Q

Prominent on the basilar part of the occipital bone is the ______, a bony protuberance for the attachment of parts of the pharynx to the base of the skull.

A

pharyngeal tubercle

118
Q

Immediately lateral to the basilar part of the occipital bone is the ______ of the petromastoid part of each temporal bone.

A

petrous part

119
Q

Wedge-shaped in its appearance, with its apex anteromedial, the ______ of the temporal bone is between the greater wing of the sphenoid anteriorly and the basilar part of the occipital bone posteriorly.

A

petrous part

120
Q

The apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone forms one of the boundaries of the ______, an irregular opening filled in life with cartilage.

A

foramen lacerum

121
Q

Posterolateral from the foramen lacerum along the petrous part of the temporal bone is the large circular opening for the ______.

A

carotid canal

122
Q

Between the petrous part of the temporal bone and the greater wing of the sphenoid is a groove for the cartilaginous part of the ______ (______).

A

pharyngotympanic tube, auditory tube

123
Q

Just lateral to the greater wing of the sphenoid is the ______ of the temporal bone, which participates in the temporomandibular joint.

A

squamous part

124
Q

The squamous part of the temporal bone contains the ______, which is a concavity where the head of the mandible articulates with the base of the skull.

A

mandibular fossa

125
Q

An important feature of the articulation of the head of the mandible and the base of the skull is the prominent ______, which is the downward projection of the anterior border of the mandibular fossa.

A

articular tubercle

126
Q

The ______ is the major bony element of the posterior part of the base of the skull.

A

occipital bone

127
Q

The occipital bone has four parts organized around the ______, which is a prominent feature of this part of the base of the skull and through which the brain and spinal cord are continuous.

A

foramen magnum

128
Q

The parts of the occipital bone are the ______, which is posterior to the foramen magnum, the ______, which are lateral to the foramen magnum, and the ______, which is anterior to the foramen magnum.

A

squamous part, lateral parts, basilar part

129
Q

The ______ and ______ of the occipital bone are components of the posterior part of the base of the skull.

A

squamous, lateral parts

130
Q

The most visible feature of the squamous part of the occipital bone when examining the inferior view of the skull is a ridge of bone (the ______), which extends downward from the external occipital protuberance toward the foramen magnum.

A

external occipital crest

131
Q

The ______ arc laterally from the midpoint of the external occipital crest.

A

inferior nuchal lines

132
Q

On each anterolateral border of the foramen magnum are the rounded ______.

A

occipital condyles

133
Q

These paired structures articulate with the atlas (vertebra CI).

A

occipital condyles

134
Q

Posterior to each condyle is a depression (the ______) containing a ______, and anterior and superior to each condyle is the large ______.

A

condylar fossa, condylar canal, hypoglossal canal

135
Q

Lateral to each hypoglossal canal is a large, irregular ______ formed by opposition of the jugular notch of the occipital bone and jugular notch of the temporal bone.

A

jugular foramen

136
Q

Laterally in the posterior part of the base of the skull is the ______ bone.

A

temporal

137
Q

The parts of the temporal bone seen in the lateral posterior part of the base of the skull are the ______ of the petromastoid part and the ______.

A

mastoid part, styloid process

138
Q

The lateral edge of the mastoid part is identified by the large cone-shaped ______ projecting from its inferior surface. This prominent bony structure is the point of attachment for several muscles.

A

mastoid process

139
Q

On the medial aspect of the mastoid process is the deep ______, which is also an attachment point for a muscle.

A

mastoid notch

140
Q

Anteromedial to the mastoid process is the needle-shaped ______ projecting from the lower border of the temporal bone. It is also a point of attachment for numerous muscles and ligaments.

A

styloid process

141
Q

Finally, between the styloid process and the mastoid process is the ______.

A

stylomastoid foramen

General Anatomy (6 decks)

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