Temporal and Infratemporal Fossae

Question 1

The ______ and ______ are interconnected spaces on the lateral side of the head. Their boundaries are formed by bone and soft tissues.

Answer 1

temporal, infratemporal fossae

Question 2

The ______ is superior to the infratemporal fossa, above the zygomatic arch, and communicates with the infratemporal fossa below through the gap between the zygomatic arch and the more medial surlace of the skull.

Answer 2

temporal fossa

Question 3

The ______ is a wedge-shaped space deep to the masseter muscle and the underlying ramus of the mandible. Structures that travel between the cranial cavity. neck, pterygopalatine fossa, floor of the oral cavity, floor of the orbit, temporal fossa, and superficial regions of the head pass through it.

Answer 3

infratemporal fossa

Question 4

Of the four muscles of mastication (______, ______, ______, and ______) that move the lower jaw at the temporomandibular joint, one (______) is lateral to the infratemporal fossa, two (______) are in the infratemporal fossa, and one fills the temporal fossa.

Answer 4

masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid

Question 5

Bones that contribute significantly to the boundaries of the temporal and infratemporal fossae include the ______, ______, and ______ bones, and the ______ and ______.

Answer 5

temporal, zygomatic, sphenoid, maxilla, mandible

Question 6

Parts of the ______ and ______ bones are also involved.

Answer 6

frontal, parietal

Question 7

The ______ of the temporal bone forms part of the bony framework of the temporal and infratemporal fossae.

Answer 7

squamous part

Question 8

The ______ of the temporal bone forms the posteromedial corner of the roof of the infratemporal fossa, and also articulates with the head of the mandible to form the temporomandibular joint.

Answer 8

tympanic part

Question 9

The lateral surface of the squamous part of the temporal bone is marked by two surface features on the medial wall of the temporal fossa:

Answer 9

a transversely oriented supramastoid crest, a vertically oriented groove for the middle temporal artery

Question 10

A transversely oriented ______, which extends posteriorly from the base of the zygomatic process and marks the posteroinferior border of the temporal fossa.

Answer 10

supramastoid crest

Question 11

A vertically oriented ______, a branch of the superficial temporal artery.

Answer 11

groove for the middle temporal artery

Question 12

Two features that participate in forming the temporo-mandibular joint on the inferior aspect of the root of the zygomatic process are the ______ and the ______. Both are elongate from ______ to ______.

Answer 12

articular tubercle, mandibular fossa, medial, lateral

Question 13

Posterior to the mandibular fossa is the ______.

Answer 13

external acoustic meatus

Question 14

The ______ of the temporal bone is a flat concave plate of bone that curves inferiorly from the back of the mandibular fossa and forms part of the wall of the external auditory meatus.

Answer 14

tympanic part

Question 15

When viewed from inferiorly, there is a distinct ______ between the tympanic and squamous parts of the temporal bone.

Answer 15

tympanosquamous fissure

Question 16

Medially, a small slip of bone from the petrous part of the temporal bone insinuates itself into the fissure and forms a ______ between it and the tympanic part.

Answer 16

petrotympanic fissure

Question 17

The ______ nerve exits the skull and enters the infratemporal fossa through the medial end of the petrotympanic fissure.

Answer 17

chorda tympani

Question 18

The parts of the sphenoid bone that form part of the bony framework of the infratemporal fossa are the ______ and the ______. The ______ also forms part of the medial wall of the temporal fossa.

Answer 18

lateral plate of the pterygoid process, greater wing, greater wing

Question 19

The ______ extend one on each side from the body of the sphenoid. They project laterally from the body and curve superiorly.

Answer 19

greater wings

Question 20

The ______ surfaces form the roof of the infratemporal fossa and the medial wall of the temporal fossa, respectively.

Answer 20

inferior and lateral

Question 21

The sharply angled boundary between the lateral and inferior surfaces of the greater wing is the ______.

Answer 21

infratemporal crest

Question 22

Two apertures (the ______ and the ______) pass through the base of the greater wing and allow the mandibular nerve [V3] and the middle meningeal artery, respectively, to pass between the middle cranial fossa and infratemporal fossa.

Answer 22

foramen ovale, foramen spinosum

Question 23

In addition, one or more ______ penetrate the base of the greater wing anteromedial to the foramen ovale and allow emissary veins to pass between the pterygoid plexus of veins in the infratemporal fossa and the cavernous sinus in the middle cranial fossa.

Answer 23

small sphenoidal emissary foramina

Question 24

Projecting vertically downward from the greater wing immediately medial to the foramen spinosum is the irregularly shaped ______, which is the attachment site for the cranial end of the sphenomandibular ligament.

Answer 24

spine of the sphenoid

Question 25

The ______ is a vertically oriented sheet of bone that projects posterolaterally from the pterygoid process. Its lateral and medial surfaces provide attachment for the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles, respectively.

Answer 25

lateral plate of the pterygoid process

Question 26

The posterior surface of the ______ contributes to the anterior wall of the infratemporal fossa. This surface is marked by a foramen for the posterosuperior ______ nerve and vessels. The superior margin forms the inferior border of the ______.

Answer 26

maxilla, alveolar, inferior orbital fissure

Question 27

The ______ is a quadrangular-shaped bone that forms the palpable bony prominence of the cheek.

Answer 27

zygomatic bone

Question 28

A ______ process extends anteromedially to articulate with the zygomatic process of the maxilla.

Answer 28

maxillary

Question 29

A ______ process extends superiorly to articulate with the zygomatic process of the frontal bone.

Answer 29

frontal

Question 30

A ______ process extends posteriorly to articulate with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to complete the zygomatic arch.

Answer 30

temporal

Question 31

A small ______ on the lateral surface of the zygomatic bone transmits the zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels onto the cheek.

Answer 31

zygomaticofacial foramen

Question 32

A ______ of bone extends posteromedially from the frontal process and contributes to the lateral wall of the orbit on one side and the anterior wall of the temporal fossa on the other.

Answer 32

thin plate

Question 33

A ______ on the temporal fossa surface of the plate where it attaches to the frontal process is for the zygomaticotemporal nerve.

Answer 33

zygomaticotemporal foramen

Question 34

The ______ is quadrangular in shape and has medial and lateral surfaces and condylar and coronoid processes.

Answer 34

ramus of the mandible

Question 35

The ______ of the ramus of the mandible is generally smooth except for the presence of a few obliquely oriented ridges. Most of the ______ provides attachment for the masseter muscle.

Answer 35

lateral surface

Question 36

The posterior and inferior borders of the ramus intersect to form the ______, while the superior border is notched to form the ______. The anterior border is sharp and is continuous below with the ______ on the body of the mandible.

Answer 36

angle of the mandible, mandibular notch, oblique line

Question 37

The ______ extends superiorly from the junction of the anterior and superior borders of the ramus. It is a flat, triangular process that provides attachment for the temporalis muscle.

Answer 37

coronoid process

Question 38

The ______ extends superiorly from the posterior and superior borders of the ramus. It consists of:

• the ______, which is expanded medially and participates in forming the temporomandibular joint
• the ______, which bears a shallow depression (the ______) on its anterior surface for attachment of the lateral pterygoid muscle.

Answer 38

condylar process, head of the mandible, neck of the mandible, pterygoid fovea

Question 39

The ______ of the ramus of the mandible is the lateral wall of the infratemporal fossa. Its most distinctive feature is the ______, which is the superior opening of the mandibular canal. The inferior alveolar nerve and vessels pass through this foramen.

Answer 39

medial surface, mandibular foramen

Question 40

Immediately anterosuperior to the mandibular
foramen is a triangular elevation (the ______) for attachment of the mandibular end of the sphenomandibular ligament.

Answer 40

lingula

Question 41

An elongate groove (the ______) extends anteroinferiorly from the mandibular foramen. The ______ is in this groove.

Answer 41

mylohyoid groove, nerve to the mylohyoid

Question 42

Posteroinferior to the mylohyoid groove and mandibular foramen, the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible is roughened for attachment of the ______ muscle.

Answer 42

medial pterygoid

Question 43

The ______, one on each side, allow opening and closing of the mouth and complex chewing or side-to-side movements of the lower jaw. Each joint is ______ and is formed between the head of the mandible and the articular fossa and articular tubercle of the temporal bone.

Answer 43

temporomandibular joints, synovial

Question 44

Unlike most other synovial joints where the articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage, those of the temporomandibular joint are covered by ______. In addition, the joint is completely divided by a fibrous articular disc into two parts:

• The ______ part of the joint allows mainly the hinge-like depression and elevation of the mandible.
• The ______ part of the joint allows the head of the mandible to translocate forward (protrusion) onto the articu-lar tubercle and backward (retraction) into the mandibular fossa.

Answer 44

fibrocartilage, lower, upper

Question 45

Opening the mouth involves both ______ and ______.

Answer 45

depression, protrusion

Question 46

The ______ or ______ movement allows greater depression of the mandible by preventing backward movement of the angle of the mandible into structures in the neck.

Answer 46

forward, protrusive

Question 47

The ______ membrane of the joint capsule lines all nonarticular surfaces of the upper and lower compartments of the joint and is attached to the margins of the articular disc.

Answer 47

synovial

Question 48

The ______ membrane of the joint capsule encloses the temporomandibular joint complex and is attached:

• above along the anterior margin of the articular tubercle,
• laterally and medially along the margins of the articular fossa,
• posteriorly to the region of the tympanosquamous suture, and
• below around the upper part of the neck of the
mandible.

Answer 48

fibrous

Question 49

The articular disc attaches around its periphery to the inner aspect of the ______ membrane.

Answer 49

fibrous

Question 50

Three extracapsular ligaments are associated with the temporomandibular joint—the ______, ______, and the ______ ligaments.

Answer 50

lateral, sphenomandibular, stylomandibular

Question 51

The ______ ligament is closest to the joint, just lateral to the capsule, and runs diagonally backward from the margin of the articular tubercle to the neck of the mandible.

Answer 51

lateral

Question 52

The ______ ligament is medial to the temporomandibular joint, runs from the spine of the sphenoid bone at the base of the skull to the lingula on the medial side of the ramus of the mandible.

Answer 52

sphenomandibular

Question 53

The ______ ligament passes from the styloid process of the temporal bone to the posterior margin and angle of the mandible.

Answer 53

stylomandibular

Question 54

A ______ or ______ motion occurs when the movements at the temporomandibular joint on one side are coordinated with a reciprocal set of movements at the joint on the other side.

Answer 54

chewing, grinding

Question 55

Movements of the mandible include ______, ______, ______, and ______.

Answer 55

depression, elevation, protrusion, retraction

Question 56

______ is generated by the digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid muscles on both sides, is normally assisted by gravity, and, because it involves forward movement of the head of the mandible onto the articular tubercle, the lateral pterygoid muscles are also involved.

Answer 56

Depression

Question 57

______ is a very powerful movement generated by the temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid muscles and also involves movement of the head of the mandible into the mandibular fossa.

Answer 57

Elevation

Question 58

______ is mainly achieved by the lateral pterygoid muscle, with some assistance by the medial pterygoid.

Answer 58

Protraction

Question 59

______ is carried out by the geniohyoid and digastric muscles, and by the posterior and deep fibers of the temporalis and masseter muscles, respectively.

Answer 59

Retraction

Question 60

Except for the geniohyoid muscle, which is innervated by the C1 spinal nerve, all muscles that move the temporomandibular joints are innervated by the ______ by branches that originate in the infratemporal fossa.

Answer 60

mandibular nerve [V3]

Question 61

The ______ muscle is a powerful muscle of mastication that elevates the mandible. It overlies the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible.

Answer 61

masseter

Question 62

Origin of Masseter

Answer 62

Zygomatic arch and maxillary process of the zygomatic bone

Question 63

Insertion of Masseter

Answer 63

Lateral surface of ramus of mandible

Question 64

Innervation of Masseter

Answer 64

Masseteric nerve from the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve [V3]

Question 65

Function of Masseter

Answer 65

Elevation of mandible

Question 66

Origin of Temporalis

Answer 66

Bone of temporal fossa and temporal fascia

Question 67

Insertion of Temporalis

Answer 67

Coronoid process of mandible and anterior margin of ramus of mandible almost to last molar tooth

Question 68

Innervation of Temporalis

Answer 68

Deep temporal nerves from the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve [V3]

Question 69

Function of Temporalis

Answer 69

Elevation and retraction of mandible

Question 70

Origin of Medial pterygoid

Answer 70

Deep head—medial surface of lateral plate of pterygoid process and pyramidal process of palatine bone; superficial head—tuberosity of the maxilla and pyramidal process of palatine bone

Question 71

Insertion of Medial pterygoid

Answer 71

Medial surface of mandible near angle

Question 72

Innervation of Medial pterygoid

Answer 72

Nerve to medial pterygoid from the mandibular nerve [V3]

Question 73

Function of Medial pterygoid

Answer 73

Elevation and side-to-side movements of the mandible

Question 74

Origin of Lateral pterygoid

Answer 74

Upper head—roof of infratemporal fossa; lower head—lateral surface of lateral plate of the pterygoid process

Question 75

Insertion of Lateral pterygoid

Answer 75

Capsule of temporomandibular joint in the region of attachment to the articular disc and to the pterygoid fovea on the neck of mandible

Question 76

Innervation of Lateral pterygoid

Answer 76

Nerve to lateral pterygoid directly from the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve [V3] or from the buccal branch

Question 77

Function of Lateral pterygoid

Answer 77

Protrusion and side-to-side movements of the mandible

Question 78

The ______ muscle is quadrangular in shape and is anchored above to the zygomatic arch and below to most of the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible.

Answer 78

masseter

Question 79

The more ______ of the masseter originates from the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone and the anterior two-thirds of the zygomatic process of the maxilla. It inserts into the angle of the mandible and related posterior part of the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible.

Answer 79

superficial part

Question 80

The ______ of the masseter originates from the medial aspect of the zygomatic arch and the posterior part of its inferior margin and inserts into the central and upper part of the ramus of the mandible as high as the coronoid process.

Answer 80

deep part

Question 81

The masseter is innervated by the ______ nerve from the ______ nerve [V3] and supplied with blood by the ______ artery from the ______ artery.

Answer 81

masseteric, mandibular, masseteric, maxillary

Question 82

The ______ nerve and artery originate in the infratemporal fossa and pass laterally over the margin of the mandibular notch to enter the deep surface of the masseter muscle.

Answer 82

masseteric

Question 83

The ______ is a narrow fan-shaped space that covers the lateral surface of the skull.

Answer 83

temporal fossa

Question 84

The upper margin of the temporal fossa is defined by a pair of ______ that arch across the skull from the zygomatic process of the frontal bone to the supramastoid crest of the temporal bone.

Answer 84

temporal lines

Question 85

The temporal fossa is limited laterally by the ______, which is a tough, fan-shaped aponeurosis overlying the temporalis muscle and attached by its outer margin to the superior temporal line and by its inferior margin to the zygomatic arch.

Answer 85

temporal fascia

Question 86

______, the temporal fossa is limited by the posterior surface of the frontal process of the zygomatic bone and the posterior surface of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone, which separate the temporal fossa behind from the orbit in front.

Answer 86

Anteriorly

Question 87

The inferior margin of the temporal fossa is marked by the zygomatic arch ______ and by the infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid ______—between these two features, the floor of the temporal fossa is open medially to the infratemporal fossa and laterally to the region containing the masseter muscle.

Answer 87

laterally, medially

Question 88

The major structure in the temporal fossa is the ______.

Answer 88

temporalis muscle

Question 89

Also passing through the temporal fossa is the ______ branch of the ______, which enters the region through the region through the zygomaticotemporal foramen on the temporal fossa surface of the zygomatic bone.

Answer 89

zygomaticotemporal, maxillary nerve [V2]

Question 90

The ______ is a large, fan-shaped muscle that fills much of the temporal fossa. It originates from the bony surfaces of the fossa superiorly to the inferior temporal line and is attached laterally to the surface of the temporal fascia.

Answer 90

temporalis muscle

Question 91

The more anterior fibers are oriented ______ while the more posterior fibers are oriented ______. The fibers converge inferiorly to form a ______, which passes between the zygomatic arch and the infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid to insert on the coronoid process of the mandible.

Answer 91

vertically, horizontally, tendon

Question 92

The ______ muscle attaches down the anterior surface of the coronoid process and along the related margin of the ramus of the mandible, almost to the last molar tooth.

Answer 92

temporalis

Question 93

The ______ is a powerful elevator of the mandible. Because this movement involves posterior translocation of the head of the mandible from the articular tubercle of the temporal bone and back into the mandibular fossa, the ______ also retracts the mandible or pulls it posteriorly. In addition, the ______ participates in side-to-side movements of the mandible.

Answer 93

temporalis

Question 94

The temporalis is innervated by ______ nerves that originate from the ______ in the infratemporal fossa and then pass into the temporal fossa.

Answer 94

deep temporal, mandibular nerve [V3]

Question 95

Blood supply of the temporalis is by ______ arteries, which travel with the nerves, and the middle temporal artery, which penetrates the temporal fascia at the posterior end of the zygomatic arch.

Answer 95

deep temporal

Question 96

The ______ nerves, usually two in number, originate from the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve [V3] in the infratemporal fossa. They pass superiorly and around the infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid to enter the temporal fossa deep to the temporalis muscle, and supply the temporalis muscle.

Answer 96

deep temporal

Question 97

The zygomaticotemporal nerve is a branch of the ______ nerve. The zygomatic nerve is a branch of the ______ nerve, which originates in the ______ fossa and passes into the orbit.

Answer 97

zygomatic, maxillary, pterygopalatine

Question 98

The ______ nerve enters the temporal fossa through one or more small foramina on the temporal fossa surface of the zygomatic bone.

Answer 98

zygomaticotemporal

Question 99

Branches of the ______ nerve pass superiorly between the bone and the temporalis muscle to penetrate the temporal fascia and supply the skin of the temple.

Answer 99

zygomaticotemporal

Question 100

Normally two in number, these vessels originate from the maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa and travel with the deep temporal nerves around the infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid to supply the temporalis muscle. They anastomose with branches of the middle temporal artery.

Answer 100

Deep temporal arteries

Question 101

The ______ artery originates from the superficial temporal artery just superior to the root of the zygomatic arch between this structure and the external ear. It penetrates the temporalis fascia, passes under the margin of the temporalis muscle, and travels superiorly on the deep surface of the temporalis muscle.

Answer 101

middle temporal

Question 102

The ______ artery supplies the temporalis and anastomoses with branches of the deep temporal arteries.

Answer 102

middle temporal

Question 103

The wedge-shaped ______ is inferior to the temporal fossa and between the ramus of the mandible laterally and the wall of the pharynx medially. It has a roof, a lateral wall, and a medial wall, and is open to the neck posteroinferiorly.

Answer 103

infratemporal fossa

Question 104

The ______ of the infratemporal fossa is formed by the inferior surfaces of the greater wing of the sphenoid and the temporal bone, contains the foramen spinosum, foramen ovale, and the petrotympanic fissure, and lateral to the infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid, is open superiorly to the temporal fossa.

Answer 104

roof

Question 105

The ______ of the infratemporal fossa is the medial surface of the ramus of the mandible, which contains the opening to the mandibular canal.

Answer 105

lateral wall

Question 106

The ______ of the infratemporal fossa is formed anteriorly by the lateral plate of the pterygoid process and more posteriorly by the pharynx and by two muscles of the soft palate (tensor and levator veli palatini muscles), and contains the pterygomaxillary fissure anteriorly, which allows structures to pass between the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae.

Answer 106

medial wall

Question 107

The ______ of the infratemporal fossa is formed by part of the posterior surface of the maxilla and contains the alveolar foramen, and the upper part opens as the inferior orbital fissure into the orbit.

Answer 107

anterior wall

Question 108

Major contents of the infratemporal fossa include the ______ ligament, ______ muscles, the ______ artery, the ______ nerve, branches of the ______ and the ______, and the ______ of veins.

Answer 108

sphenomandibular, medial and lateral pterygoid, maxillary, mandibular, facial nerve [VII], glossopharyngeal nerve [IX], pterygoid plexus

Question 109

The ______ is an extracapsular ligament of the temporomandibular joint. It is attached superiorly to the spine of the sphenoid bone and expands inferiorly to attach to the lingula of the mandible and the posterior margin of the mandibular foramen.

Answer 109

sphenomandibular ligament

Question 110

The ______ muscle is quadrangular in shape and has deep and superficial heads.

Answer 110

medial pterygoid

Question 111

The ______ of the medial pterygoid muscle is attached above to the medial surface of the lateral plate of the pterygoid process and the associated surface of the pyramidal process of the palatine bone, and descends obliquely downward, medial to the sphenomandibular ligament, to attach to the roughened medial surface of the ramus of the mandible near the angle of the mandible.

Answer 111

deep head

Question 112

The ______ of the medial pterygoid muscle originates from the tuberosity of the maxilla and adjacent pyramidal process of the palatine bone and joins with the deep head to insert on the mandible.

Answer 112

superficial head

Question 113

The medial pterygoid mainly ______ the mandible. Because it passes obliquely backward to insert into the mandible, it also assists the lateral pterygoid muscle in ______ the lower jaw.

Answer 113

elevates, protruding

Question 114

The medial pterygoid is innervated by the ______ from the ______.

Answer 114

nerve to the medial pterygoid, mandibular nerve [V3]

Question 115

The ______ is a thick triangular muscle and like the medial pterygoid muscle has two heads.

Answer 115

lateral pterygoid

Question 116

The ______ of the lateral pterygoid muscle originates from the roof of the infratemporal fossa (inferior surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid and the infratemporal crest) lateral to the foramen ovale and foramen spinosum.

Answer 116

upper head

Question 117

The ______ of the lateral pterygoid muscle is larger than the upper head and originates from the lateral surface of the lateral plate of the pterygoid process, and the inferior part insinuates itself between the cranial attachments of the two heads of the medial pterygoid.

Answer 117

lower head

Question 118

The fibers from both heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle converge to insert into the ______ of the neck of the mandible and into the ______ in the region where the capsule is attached internally to the articular disc.

Answer 118

pterygoid fovea, capsule of the temporomandibular joint

Question 119

Unlike the medial pterygoid muscle whose fibers tend to be oriented vertically, those of the lateral pterygoid are oriented almost ______. As a result, when the lateral pterygoid contracts it pulls the articular disc and head of the mandible forward onto the articular tubercle and is therefore the major protruder of the ______.

Answer 119

horizontally, lower jaw

Question 120

The lateral pterygoid is innervated by the ______ from the ______.

Answer 120

nerve to the lateral pterygoid, mandibular nerve [V3]

Question 121

When the lateral and medial pterygoids contract on only one side, the chin moves to the ______. When opposite movements at the two temporomandibular joints are coordinated, a ______ movement results.

Answer 121

opposite side, chewing

Question 122

The ______ is the largest of the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve [V].

Answer 122

mandibular nerve [V3]

Question 123

Unlike the ophthalmic [V1] and maxillary [V2] nerves, which are purely sensory, the mandibular nerve [V3] is ______.

Answer 123

both motor and sensory

Question 124

In addition to carrying general sensation from the teeth and gingivae of the mandible, the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, mucosa on the floor of the oral cavity, the lower lip, skin over the temple and lower face, and part of the cranial dura mater, the ______ also carries motor innervation to most of the muscles that move the mandible, one of the muscles (tensor tympani) in the middle ear, and one of the muscles of the soft palate (tensor veli palatini).

Answer 124

mandibular nerve [V3]

Question 125

All branches of the mandibular nerve [V3] originate in the ______.

Answer 125

infratemporal fossa

Question 126

Like the ophthalmic [V1] and maxillary [V2] nerves, the sensory part of the mandibular nerve [V3] originates from the ______ in the middle cranial fossa.

Answer 126

trigeminal ganglion

Question 127

The ______ of the mandibular nerve [V3] drops vertically through the foramen ovale and enters the infratemporal fossa between the tensor veli palatini muscle and the upper head of the lateral pterygoid muscle.

Answer 127

sensory part

Question 128

The ______ of the trigeminal nerve [V] passes medial to the trigeminal ganglion in the cranial cavity. then passes through the foramen ovale and immediately joins the sensory part of the mandibular nerve [V3].

Answer 128

small motor root

Question 129

Soon after the sensory and motor roots join, the mandibular nerve [V3] gives rise to a ______ and to the ______, and then divides into anterior and posterior trunks.

Answer 129

small meningeal branch, nerve to the medial pterygoid

Question 130

Branches from the ______ trunk are the buccal, masseteric, and deep temporal nerves, and the nerve to the lateral pterygoid, all of which, except the buccal nerve (which is predominantly sensory) are motor nerves.

Answer 130

anterior

Question 131

Branches from the ______ trunk are the auriculotemporal, lingual, and inferior alveolar nerves, all of which, except a small nerve (nerve to the mylohyoid) that branches from the inferior alveolar nerve, are sensory nerves.

Answer 131

posterior

Question 132

The ______ branch originates from the medial side of the mandibular nerve [V3] and ascends to leave the infratemporal fossa with the middle meningeal artery and reenter the cranial cavity through the foramen spinosum. It is sensory for the dura mater, mainly of the middle cranial fossa, and also supplies the mastoid cells that communicate with the middle ear.

Answer 132

meningeal

Question 133

The ______ also originates medially from the mandibular nerve [V3]. It descends to enter and supply the deep surface of the medial pterygoid muscle. Near its origin from the mandibular nerve [V3], it has two small branches:

• One of these supplies the ______.
• The other ascends to supply the ______ muscle, which occupies a small bony canal above and parallel to the pharyngotympanic tube in the temporal bone.

Answer 133

nerve to the medial pterygoid, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani

Question 134

The ______ is a branch of the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve [V3]. It is predominantly a sensory nerve, but may also carry the motor innervation to the lateral pterygoid muscle and to part of the temporalis muscle.

Answer 134

buccal nerve

Question 135

The ______ nerve passes laterally between the upper and lower heads of the lateral pterygoid and then descends around the anterior margin of the insertion of the temporalis muscle to the anterior margin of the ramus of the mandible, often slipping through the tendon of the temporalis. It continues into the cheek lateral to the buccinator muscle to supply general sensory nerves to the adjacent skin and oral mucosa and the buccal gingive of the lower molars.

Answer 135

buccal

Question 136

The ______ is a branch of the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve [V3]. It passes laterally over the lateral pterygoid muscle and through the mandibular notch to penetrate and supply the masseter muscle.

Answer 136

masseteric nerve

Question 137

The ______, usually two in number, originate from the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve [V3]. They pass laterally above the lateral pterygoid muscle and curve around the infratemporal crest to ascend in the temporal fossa and supply the temporalis muscle from its deep surface.

Answer 137

deep temporal nerves

Question 138

The ______ may originate directly as a branch from the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve [V3] or from its buccal branch. From its origin, it passes directly into the deep surface of the lateral pterygoid muscle.

Answer 138

nerve to the lateral pterygoid

Question 139

The ______ is the first branch of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve [V3] and originates as two roots, which pass posteriorly around the middle meningeal artery ascending from the maxillary artery to the foramen spinosum.

Answer 139

auriculotemporal nerve

Question 140

The ______ nerve passes first between the tensor veli palatini muscle and the upper head of the lateral pterygoid muscle, and then between the sphenomandibular ligament and the neck of the mandible. It curves laterally around the neck of the mandible and then ascends deep to the parotid gland between the temporomandibular joint and ear.

Answer 140

auriculotemporal

Question 141

The ______ of the auriculotemporal nerve carry general sensation from skin over a large area of the temple.

Answer 141

terminal branches

Question 142

In addition, the ______ nerve contributes to sensory innervation of the external ear, the external auditory meatus, tympanic membrane, and temporomandibular joint. It also delivers ______ nerves from the glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] to the parotid gland.

Answer 142

auriculotemporal, postganglionic parasympathetic

Question 143

The ______ is a major sensory branch of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve [V3]. It carries general sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, oral mucosa on the floor of the oral cavity, and lingual gingivae associated with the lower teeth.

Answer 143

lingual nerve

Question 144

The ______ nerve is joined high in the infratemporal fossa by the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve [VII], which carries:

• taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and
• parasympathetic fibers to all salivary glands below the level of the oral fissure.

Answer 144

lingual

Question 145

The ______ nerve first descends between the tensor veli palatini muscle and the lateral pterygoid muscle, where it is joined by the chorda tympani nerve, and then descends across the lateral surface of the medial pterygoid muscle to enter the oral cavity.

Answer 145

lingual

Question 146

The ______ nerve enters the oral cavity between the posterior attachment of the mylohyoid muscle to the mylohyoid line and the attachment of the superior constrictor of the pharynx to the pterygomandibular raphe. As the ______ nerve enters the floor of the oral cavity, it is in a shallow groove on the medial surface of the mandible immediately inferior to the last molar tooth. In this position, it is palpable through the oral mucosa and in danger when one is operating on the molar teeth and gingivae.

Answer 146

lingual

Question 147

The lingual nerve passes into the tongue on the lateral surface of the hyoglossus muscle where it is attached to the ______. This ganglion is where the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers carried from the infratemporal fossa into the floor of the oral cavity on the lingual nerve synapse with postganglionic parasympathetic fibers.

Answer 147

submandibular ganglion

Question 148

The ______, like the lingual nerve, is a major sensory branch of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve [V3]. In addition to innervating all lower teeth and much of the associated gingivae, it also supplies the mucosa and skin of the lower lip and skin of the chin. It has one motor branch, which innervates the ______ muscle and the anterior belly of the ______ muscle.

Answer 148

inferior alveolar nerve, mylohyoid, digastric

Question 149

The ______ nerve originates deep to the lateral pterygoid muscle from the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve [V3] in association with the lingual nerve. It descends on the lateral surface of the medial pterygoid muscle, passes between the sphenomandibular ligament and the ramus of the mandible, and then enters the mandibular canal through the mandibular foramen.

Answer 149

inferior alveolar

Question 150

Just before entering the mandibular foramen, the inferior alveolar nerve gives origin to the ______, which lies in the mylohyoid groove inferior to the foramen and continues anteriorly below the floor of the oral cavity to innervate the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle.

Answer 150

nerve to the mylohyoid

Question 151

The ______ nerve passes anteriorly within the mandibular canal of the lower jaw. The mandibular canal and its contents are inferior to the roots of the molar teeth, and the roots can sometimes curve around the canal making extraction of these teeth difficult.

Answer 151

inferior alveolar

Question 152

The inferior alveolar nerve supplies branches to the three molar teeth and the second premolar tooth and associated labial gingivae, and then divides into its two terminal branches:

• the ______ nerve, which continues in the mandibular canal to supply the first premolar, incisor, and canine teeth, and related gingivae; and
• the ______ nerve, which exits the mandible through the mental foramen and supplies the lower lip and chin. The ______ nerve is palpable and sometimes visible through the oral mucosa adjacent to the roots of the premolar teeth.

Answer 152

incisive, mental, mental

Question 153

Branches of two cranial nerves join branches of the mandibular nerve [V3] in the infratemporal fossa.
These are the ______ and the ______, a branch of the tympanic plexus in the middle ear, which had its origin from a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve [IX].

Answer 153

chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve [VII], lesser petrosal nerve

Question 154

The ______ carries taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and parasympathetic innervation to all salivary glands below the level of the oral fissure.

Answer 154

chorda tympani

Question 155

The ______ originates from the facial nerve [VII] within the temporal bone and in association with the mastoid wall of the middle ear, passes anteriorly through a small canal, and enters the lateral aspect of the middle ear. As it continues anterosuperiorly across the middle ear, it is separated from the tympanic membrane by the handle of the malleus. It leaves the middle ear through the medial end of the petrotympanic fissure, enters the infratemporal fossa, descends medial to the spine of the sphenoid and then to the lateral pterygoid muscle, and joins the lingual nerve.

Answer 155

chorda tympani

Question 156

______ carried in the chorda tympani synapse with postganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the submandibular ganglion, which “hangs off” the lingual nerve in the floor of the oral cavity.

Answer 156

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Question 157

______ leave the submandibular ganglion and either:

• reenter the lingual nerve to travel with its terminal branches to reach target tissues, or
• pass directly from the submandibular ganglion into glands

Answer 157

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Question 158

The ______ do not pass through the ganglion and are distributed with terminal branches of the lingual nerve.

Answer 158

taste (SA) fibers

Question 159

A lingual nerve injury proximal to where the chorda tympani joins it in the infratemporal fossa will produce loss of general sensation from the ______, ______, ______, the ______, and the ______.

Answer 159

anterior two-thirds of the tongue, oral mucosa, gingivae, lower lip, chin

Question 160

If a lingual nerve lesion is ______ to the site where it is joined by the chorda tympani, secretion from the salivary glands below the oral fissure and taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue will also be lost.

Answer 160

distal

Question 161

The ______ carries mainly parasympathetic fibers destined for the parotid gland. The preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are located in the glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] as it exits the jugular foramen at the base of the skull. Branching from the glossopharyngeal nerve [IX] either within or immediately outside the jugular foramen is the ______.

Answer 161

lesser petrosal nerve, tympanic nerve

Question 162

The ______ nerve reenters the temporal bone through a small foramen on the ridge of bone separating the jugular foramen from the carotid canal and ascends through a small bony canal (inferior tympanic canaliculus) to the promontory located on the labyrinthine (medial) wall of the middle ear. Here it participates in the formation of the tympanic plexus. The ______ nerve is a branch of this plexus.

Answer 162

tympanic, lesser petrosal

Question 163

The ______ nerve contains mainly preganglionic parasympathetic fibers. It leaves the middle ear and enters the middle cranial fossa through a small opening on the anterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone just lateral and inferior to the opening for the greater petrosal nerve, a branch of the facial nerve [VII]. The ______ nerve then passes medially and descends through the foramen ovale with the mandibular nerve [V3].

Answer 163

lesser petrosal, lesser petrosal

Question 164

In the infratemporal fossa, the ______ synapse with cell bodies of postganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the otic ganglion located on the medial side of the mandibular nerve [V3] around the origin of the nerve to the medial pterygoid. ______ leave the otic ganglion and join the auriculotemporal nerve, which carries them to the parotid gland.

Answer 164

preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Question 165

Anesthesia of the ______ nerve is widely practiced by most dentists.

Answer 165

inferior alveolar

Question 166

The ______ is one of the largest branches of the mandibular nerve [V3], carries the sensory branches from the teeth and mandible, and receives sensory information from the skin over most of the mandible.

Answer 166

inferior alveolar nerve

Question 167

The ______ nerve passes into the mandibular canal, courses through the body of the mandible, and eventually emerges through the mental foramen into the chin.

Answer 167

inferior alveolar

Question 168

Dental procedures require ______ of the inferior alveolar nerve by local anesthetic. To anesthetize this nerve the needle is placed lateral to the anterior arch of the fauces (______) in the oral cavity and is advanced along the medial border around the inferior third of the ramus of the mandible so that anesthetic can be deposited in this region.

Answer 168

perineuronal infiltration, palatoglossal arch

Question 169

It is also possible to anesthetize the ______ and ______ nerves, depending on where the anesthesia is needed.

Answer 169

infra-orbital, buccal

Question 170

The ______ is the largest branch of the external carotid artery in the neck and is a major source of blood supply for the nasal cavity, the lateral wall and roof of the oral cavity, all teeth, and the dura mater in the cranial cavity. It passes through and supplies the infratemporal fossa and then enters the pterygopalatine fossa, where it gives origin to terminal branches.

Answer 170

maxillary artery

Question 171

The ______ artery originates within the substance of the parotid gland and then passes forward, between the neck of the mandible and sphenomandibular ligament, into the infratemporal fossa. It ascends obliquely through the infratemporal fossa to enter the pterygopalatine fossa by passing through the pterygomaxillary fissure. This part of the vessel may pass either lateral or medial to the lower head of the lateral pterygoid. If it passes medial to the lower head, the ______ artery then loops laterally between the upper and lower heads of the lateral pterygoid to access the ______.

Answer 171

maxillary, maxillary, pterygomaxillary fissure

Question 172

Branches of the maxillary artery are as follows:

• The first part of the maxillary artery (the part between the ______ and the ______) gives origin to two major branches (the ______ and ______ arteries) and a number of smaller branches (deep auricular, anterior tympanic, and accessory meningeal).
• The second part of the maxillary artery (the part related to the ______) gives origin to deep temporal, masseteric, buccal, and pterygoid branches, which course with branches of the mandibular nerve [V3].
• The third part of the maxillary artery is in the ______.

Answer 172

neck of the mandible, sphenomandibular ligament, middle meningeal, inferior alveolar, lateral pterygoid muscle, pterygopalatine fossa

Question 173

The ______ artery ascends vertically from the maxillary artery and passes through the foramen spinosum to enter the cranial cavity. In the infratemporal fossa, it passes superiorly between the sphenomandibular ligament on the medial side and the lateral pterygoid muscle on the lateral side. Just inferior to the foramen spinosum, it passes between the two roots of the auriculotemporal nerve at their origin from the mandibular nerve [V3].

Answer 173

middle meningeal

Question 174

The ______ is the largest of the meningeal vessels and supplies much of the dura mater, bone, and related bone marrow of the cranial cavity walls.

Answer 174

middle meningeal artery

Question 175

Within the cranial cavity, the middle meningeal artery and its branches travel in the ______ of dura mater, which is tightly adherent to the bony walls. As major branches of the middle meningeal artery pass superiorly up the walls of the cranial cavity, they can be damaged by lateral blows to the head. When the vessels are torn, the leaking blood, which is under arterial pressure, slowly separates the dura mater from its attachment to the bone, resulting in an ______.

Answer 175

periosteal (outer) layer, extradural hematoma

Question 176

The ______ descends from the maxillary artery to enter the mandibular foramen and canal with the inferior alveolar nerve. It is distributed with the inferior alveolar nerve and supplies all lower teeth, and contributes to the supply of the buccal gingivae, chin, and lower lip.

Answer 176

inferior alveolar artery

Question 177

Before entering the mandible, the inferior alveolar artery gives origin to a ______, which accompanies the nerve to the mylohyoid.

Answer 177

small mylohyoid branch

Question 178

The ______, ______, and ______ arteries are small branches from the first part of the maxillary artery and contribute to the blood supply of the external acoustic meatus, deep surface of the tympanic membrane, and cranial dura mater, respectively.

Answer 178

deep auricular, anterior tympanic, accessory meningeal

Question 179

The ______ branch also contributes small branches to surrounding muscles in the infratemporal fossa before ascending through the foramen ovale into the cranial cavity to supply the dura mater.

Answer 179

accessory meningeal

Question 180

______, usually two in number, originate from the second part of the maxillary artery and travel with the deep temporal nerves to supply the temporalis muscle in the temporal fossa.

Answer 180

Deep temporal arteries

Question 181

Numerous ______ also originate from the second part of the maxillary artery and supply the pterygoid muscles.

Answer 181

pterygoid arteries

Question 182

The ______, also from the second part of the maxillary artery, accompanies the masseteric nerve laterally through the mandibular notch to supply the masseter muscle.

Answer 182

masseteric artery

Question 183

The ______ is distributed with the buccal nerve and supplies skin, muscle, and oral mucosa of the cheek.

Answer 183

buccal artery

Question 184

The ______ is a network of veins between the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles, and between the lateral pterygoid and temporalis muscles.

Answer 184

pterygoid plexus

Question 185

Veins that drain regions supplied by arteries branching from the maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa connect with the ______. These tributary veins include those that drain the nasal cavity, roof and lateral wall of the oral cavity, all teeth, muscles of the infratemporal fossa, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx. In addition, the ______ from the orbit can drain through the inferior orbital fissure into the pterygoid plexus.

Answer 185

pterygoid plexus, inferior ophthalmic vein

Question 186

Significantly, ______ veins often connect the pterygoid plexus in the infratemporal fossa to the ______ in the cranial cavity. These veins, which pass through the foramen ovale, through the cartilage that fills the foramen lacerum, and through a small sphenoidal foramen on the medial side of the lateral plate of the ptery-goid process at the base of the skull, are a route by which infections can spread into the cranial cavity from structures, such as the teeth, that are drained by the pterygoid plexus. Also, because there are no ______ in veins of the head and neck, anesthetic inadvertently injected under pressure into veins of the pterygoid plexus can backflow into tissues or into the cranial cavity.

Answer 186

small emissary, cavernous sinus, valves

Question 187

The pterygoid plexus connects:

• posteriorly, via a ______ vein, with the retromandibular vein in the neck; and
• anteriorly, via a ______ vein, with the facial vein on the face.

Answer 187

short maxillary, deep facial

Question 188

The ______ is an inverted teardrop-shaped space between bones on the lateral side of the skull immediately posterior to the maxilla.

Answer 188

pterygopalatine fossa

Question 189

Although small in size, the ______ communicates via fissures and foramina in its walls with the:

• middle cranial fossa,
• infratemporal fossa,
• floor of the orbit,
• lateral wall of the nasal cavity,
• oropharynx, and
• roof of the oral cavity.

Answer 189

pterygopalatine fossa

Question 190

Because of its strategic location, the pterygopalatine fossa is a major site of distribution for the ______ and for the terminal part of the ______.

Answer 190

maxillary nerve [V2], maxillary artery

Question 191

The pterygopalatine fossa also contains the ______ where preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating in the facial nerve [VII] synapse with postganglionic parasympathetic fibers and these fibers, along with sympathetic fibers originating from the T1 spinal cord level join branches of the maxillary nerve [V2].

Answer 191

pterygopalatine ganglion

Question 192

All the upper teeth receive their innervation and blood supply from the ______ and the ______, respectively, that pass through the pterygopalatine fossa.

Answer 192

maxillary nerve [V2], terminal part of the maxillary artery

Question 193

The walls of the pterygopalatine fossa are formed by parts of the ______, ______, and ______:

• The anterior wall is formed by the posterior surface of the ______.
• The medial wall is formed by the lateral surface of the ______.
• The posterior wall and roof are formed by parts of the ______.

Answer 193

palatine, maxilla, sphenoid bones, maxilla, palatine bone, sphenoid bone

Question 194

The part of the sphenoid bone that contributes to the formation of the pterygopalatine fossa is the anterosuperior surface of the ______. Opening onto this surface are two large foramina:

• The maxillary nerve [V2] passes through the most lateral and superior of these—the ______—which communicates posteriorly with the middle cranial fossa.
• The greater petrosal nerve from the facial nerve [VII] and sympathetic fibers from the internal carotid plexus join to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal that passes forward into the pterygopalatine fossa through the more medial and inferior foramen—the ______.

Answer 194

pterygoid process, foramen rotundum, anterior opening of the pterygoid canal

Question 195

The ______ is a bony canal running horizontally through the root of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. It opens anteriorly into the pterygopalatine fossa. Posteriorly it continues through the cartilage filling the foramen lacerum and opens into the middle cranial fossa just anteroinferior to the internal carotid artery as the vessel enters the cranial cavity through the carotid canal.

Answer 195

pterygoid canal

Question 196

______ foramina and fissures provide apertures through which structures enter and leave the pterygopalatine fossa.

Answer 196

Seven

Question 197

Seven foramina and fissures provide apertures through which structures enter and leave the pterygopalatine fossa:

• The ______ and ______ communicate with the middle cranial fossa and open onto the posterior wall.

Answer 197

foramen rotundum, pterygoid canal

Question 198

Seven foramina and fissures provide apertures through which structures enter and leave the pterygopalatine fossa:

• A small ______ opens onto the posterior wall and leads to the nasopharynx.

Answer 198

palatovaginal canal

Question 199

Seven foramina and fissures provide apertures through which structures enter and leave the pterygopalatine fossa:

• The ______ leads to the roof of the oral cavity (hard palate) and opens inferiorly.

Answer 199

palatine canal

Question 200

Seven foramina and fissures provide apertures through which structures enter and leave the pterygopalatine fossa:

• The ______ opens onto the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and is in the medial wall.

Answer 200

sphenopalatine foramen

Question 201

Seven foramina and fissures provide apertures through which structures enter and leave the pterygopalatine fossa:

• The lateral aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa is continuous with the infratemporal fossa via a large gap (the ______) between the posterior surface of the maxilla and pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone.

Answer 201

pterygomaxillary fissure

Question 202

Seven foramina and fissures provide apertures through which structures enter and leave the pterygopalatine fossa:

• The superior aspect of the anterior wall of the fossa opens into the floor of the orbit via the ______.

Answer 202

inferior orbital fissure

Question 203

The ______ and terminal part of the ______ enter and branch within the pterygopalatine fossa. In addition, the nerve of the pterygoid canal enters the fossa carrying:

• ______ from the greater petrosal branch of the facial nerve [VII], and
• ______ from the deep petrosal branch of the carotid plexus.

Answer 203

maxillary nerve [V2], maxillary artery, preganglionic parasympathetic fibers, postganglionic sympathetic fibers

Question 204

In addition to nerves and arteries, ______ and ______ also pass through the pterygopalatine fossa.

Answer 204

veins, lymphatics

Question 205

The ______ is purely sensory. It originates from the trigeminal ganglion in the cranial cavity, exits the middle cranial fossa, and enters the pterygopalatine fossa through the foramen rotundum. It passes anteriorly through the fossa and exits as the infraorbital nerve through the inferior orbital fissure.

Answer 205

maxillary nerve [V2]

Question 206

While passing through the pterygopalatine fossa, the maxillary nerve [V2] gives rise to the ______, the ______, and two ______. The two ganglionic branches originate from its inferior surface and pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion.

Answer 206

zygomatic nerve, posterior superior alveolar nerve, ganglionic branches

Question 207

Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers, arising in the pterygopalatine ganglion, join the general sensory branches of the maxillary nerve [V2] in the ______, as do postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the carotid plexus. The three types of fibers leave the ganglion as ______, ______, ______, and ______ branches.

Answer 207

pterygopalatine ganglion, orbital, palatine, nasal, pharyngeal

Question 208

The ______ branches are small and pass through the inferior orbital fissure to contribute to the supply of the orbital wall and of the sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses.

Answer 208

orbital

Question 209

The ______ and ______ nerves pass inferiorly from the pterygopalatine ganglion, enter and pass through the palatine canal, and enter the oral surface of the palate through the greater and lesser palatine foramina.

Answer 209

greater, lesser palatine

Question 210

The ______ nerve passes forward on the roof of the oral cavity to innervate mucosa and glands of the hard palate and the adjacent gingiva, almost as far forward as the incisor teeth.

Answer 210

greater palatine

Question 211

In the palatine canal, the greater palatine nerve gives origin to ______ nerves, which pass medially through small foramina in the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone and contribute to the innervation of the lateral nasal wall.

Answer 211

posterior inferior nasal

Question 212

After passing through the lesser palatine foramen, the ______ nerve passes posteriorly to supply the soft palate.

Answer 212

lesser palatine

Question 213

The ______ nerves, approximately seven in number, pass medially through the sphenopalatine foramen to enter the nasal cavity. Most pass anteriorly to supply the lateral wall of the nasal cavity, while others pass across the roof to supply the medial wall.

Answer 213

nasal

Question 214

One of the nerves passing across the roof to supply the medial wall of the nasal cavity (the ______ nerve) is the largest of the nasal nerves and passes anteriorly down the nasal septum, through the incisive canal and fossa in the hard palate to enter the roof of the oral cavity and supply mucosa, gingiva, and glands adjacent to the incisor teeth.

Answer 214

nasopalatine

Question 215

The ______ nerve passes posteriorly from the pterygopalatine ganglion, and leaves the fossa through the palatovaginal canal, which it then exits to supply the mucosa and glands of the nasopharynx.

Answer 215

pharyngeal

Question 216

The ______ nerve originates directly from the maxillary nerve [V2] in the pterygopalatine fossa, which it leaves to enter the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure.

Answer 216

zygomatic

Question 217

The zygomatic nerve passes forward on the lateral orbital wall and divides into ______ and ______ branches:

• The ______ branch continues forward at the base of the lateral orbital wall, passes through a small bony canal in the zygomatic bone to enter the temporal fossa through a small foramen in the lateral orbital margin on the posterior surface of the frontal process of the zygomatic bone, and passes superficially to supply skin over the temple.
• The ______ branch also passes forward at the base of the lateral orbital wall and leaves through a small bony canal, in the orbital margin, which opens via multiple small foramina on the anterolateral surface of the zygomatic bone, and its branches supply the adjacent skin.

Answer 217

zygomaticotemporal, zygomaticofacial, zygomaticotemporal, zygomaticofacial

Question 218

The ______ nerve originates from the maxillary nerve [V2] in the pterygopalatine fossa and passes laterally out of the fossa through the pterygomaxillary fissure to enter the infratemporal fossa. It continues laterally and inferiorly to enter the posterior surface of the maxilla through a small alveolar foramen approximately midway between the last molar tooth and the inferior orbital fissure. It then passes inferiorly just deep to the mucosa of the maxillary sinus to join the ______ plexus.

Answer 218

posterior superior alveolar, superior dental

Question 219

The ______ nerve supplies the molar teeth and adjacent buccal gingivae, and contributes to the supply of the maxillary sinus.

Answer 219

posterior superior alveolar

Question 220

The ______ nerve is the anterior continuation of the maxillary nerve [V2] that leaves the pterygopalatine fossa through the inferior orbital fissure. It lies first in the infra-orbital groove in the floor of the orbit and then continues forward in the infra-orbital canal.

Answer 220

infra-orbital

Question 221

While in the infra-orbital groove and canal, the infra-orbital nerve gives origin to ______ and ______ nerves, respectively, which ultimately join the ______ plexus to supply the upper teeth:

• The ______ nerve also supplies the maxillary sinus.
• The ______ nerve also gives origin to a small nasal branch, which passes medially through the lateral wall of the nasal cavity to supply parts of the areas of the nasal floor and walls.

Answer 221

middle, anterior superior alveolar, superior alveolar, middle superior alveolar, anterior superior alveolar

Question 222

The ______ nerve exits the infra-orbital canal through the infra-orbital foramen inferior to the orbital margin and divides into ______, ______, and ______ branches:

• ______ branches supply skin over the lateral aspect of the external nose and part of the nasal septum.
• ______ branches supply skin of the lower eyelid.
• ______ branches supply skin over the cheek and upper lip, and the related oral mucosa.

Answer 222

infra-orbital, nasal, palpebral, superior labial, Nasal, Palpebral, Superior labial

Question 223

The nerve of the pterygoid canal is formed in the middle cranial fossa by the union of:

• the ______ nerve (a branch of the facial nerve [VII], and
• the ______ nerve (a branch of the internal carotid plexus).

Answer 223

greater petrosal, deep petrosal

Question 224

The nerve of the ______ passes into the pterygopalatine fossa and joins the pterygopalatine ganglion. It carries mainly preganglionic parasympathetic and postganglionic sympathetic fibers.

Answer 224

pterygoid canal

Question 225

The ______ nerve, which originates from the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve [VII] in the temporal bone, exits the temporal bone through a small canal that opens via a fissure onto the anterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone. It passes anteromedially along the posterior margin of the middle cranial fossa and then under the internal carotid artery to reach the superior surface of the cartilage filling the foramen lacerum.

Answer 225

greater petrosal

Question 226

As the greater petrosal nerve passes under the internal carotid artery, it is joined by the deep petrosal nerve to form the nerve of the ______.

Answer 226

pterygoid canal

Question 227

The greater petrosal nerve carries parasympathetic innervation to all glands above the oral fissure, including:

• ______ glands in the nasal cavity,
• ______ glands in the upper half of the oral cavity, and
• the ______ gland in the orbit.

Answer 227

mucous, salivary, lacrimal

Question 228

The greater petrosal nerve also carries some ______ from the soft palate in the lesser palatine nerve.

Answer 228

taste (SA) fibers

Question 229

The deep petrosal nerve is formed by postganglionic sympathetic fibers that originate in the ______ in the neck and leave the ganglion as the ______.

Answer 229

superior cervical sympathetic ganglion, internal carotid nerve

Question 230

The internal carotid nerve forms the ______ plexus around the internal carotid artery as the internal carotid artery passes through the skull and into the cranial cavity. Some of the fibers from the ______ plexus converge to form the deep petrosal nerve, which leaves the ______ plexus in the middle cranial fossa and joins the greater petrosal branch of the facial nerve [VII].

Answer 230

internal carotid

Question 231

The nerve of the ______ enters the superior surface of the cartilage that fills the foramen lacerum and passes anteriorly through the cartilage to enter the pterygoid canal in the root of the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone. It passes through the canal and into the pterygopalatine fossa where it joins the pterygopalatine ganglion formed around the branches of the maxillary nerve [V2].

Answer 231

pterygoid canal

Question 232

The ______ is the largest of the four parasympathetic ganglia in the head and is formed by the cell bodies of the postganglionic neurons associated with preganglionic parasympathetic fibers of the facial nerve [VII] carried by the greater petrosal nerve and the nerve of the pterygoid canal.

Answer 232

pterygopalatine ganglion

Question 233

The postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that originate in the pterygopalatine ganglion, together with post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers passing through the ganglion, join fibers from the ganglionic branches of the maxillary nerve [V2] to form ______, ______, ______, and ______ branches, which leave the ganglion.

Answer 233

orbital, palatine, nasal, pharyngeal

Question 234

Other postganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers pass superiorly through the ganglionic branches of the maxillary nerve [V2] to enter the main trunk of the maxillary nerve and be distributed with the ______, ______, and ______ nerves. Of these, the postganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers that pass into the orbit with the zygomatic nerve are particularly important because they ultimately innervate the lacrimal gland.

Answer 234

zygomatic, posterior superior alveolar, infra-orbital

Question 235

Approximately midway along the orbital wall, the postganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers leave the zygomaticotemporal branch of the zygomatic nerve and form a special autonomic nerve, which travels up the lateral orbital wall to join the ______ nerve.

Answer 235

lacrimal

Question 236

The ______ is a major general sensory branch of the ophthalmic nerve [V1], which passes forward in the orbit at the margin between the lateral wall and roof.

Answer 236

lacrimal nerve

Question 237

The postganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers pass with the lacrimal nerve to the ______.

Answer 237

lacrimal gland

Question 238

The postganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers pass with the lacrimal nerve to the ______.

Answer 238

lacrimal gland

Question 239

The postganglionic parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers pass with the lacrimal nerve to the ______.

Answer 239

lacrimal gland

Question 240

A lesion anywhere along the course of parasympathetic fibers that leave the brain as part of the facial nerve [VII] and are ultimately carried to the lacrimal gland along branches of the ophthalmic nerve [V1] results in “______” and can eventually lead to loss of vision in the affected eye.

Answer 240

dry eye

Question 241

The ______ is a major branch of the external carotid artery in the neck. It originates adjacent to the neck of the mandible, passes forward through the infratemporal fossa, and then enters the pterygopalatine fossa through the pterygomaxillary fissure.

Answer 241

maxillary artery

Question 242

The part of the ______ artery in the pterygopalatine fossa (the third part) is anterior to the pterygopalatine ganglion and gives origin to branches that accompany branches of the maxillary nerve [V2] and the pterygopalatine ganglion.

Answer 242

maxillary

Question 243

Branches of the maxillary artery include the ______, ______, ______, ______, and ______ arteries, and the artery of the ______. Collectively, these branches supply much of the nasal cavity, the roof of the oral cavity, and all upper teeth. In addition, they contribute to the blood supply of the sinuses, oropharynx, and floor of the orbit.

Answer 243

posterior superior alveolar, infra-orbital, greater palatine, pharyngeal, sphenopalatine, pterygoid canal

Question 244

The ______ artery originates from the maxillary artery as it passes through the pterygomaxillary fissure. It meets the posterior superior alveolar nerve, accompanies it through the alveolar foramen on the infratemporal surface of the maxilla, and supplies the molar and premolar teeth, adjacent gingiva, and the maxillary sinus.

Answer 244

posterior superior alveolar

Question 245

The ______ artery passes forward with the infra-orbital nerve and leaves the pterygopalatine fossa through the inferior orbital fissure. With the infra-orbital nerve, it lies in the infra-orbital groove and infra-orbital canal, and emerges through the infra-orbital foramen to supply parts of the face.

Answer 245

infra-orbital

Question 246

Within the infra-orbital canal, the infra-orbital artery gives origin to:

• branches that contribute to the blood supply of structures near the floor of the orbit—the ______ and ______ muscles, and the ______; and
• ______ arteries, which supply the incisor and canine teeth and the maxillary sinus.

Answer 246

inferior rectus, inferior oblique, lacrimal sac, anterior superior alveolar

Question 247

The ______ artery passes inferiorly with the palatine nerves into the palatine canal. It gives origin to a ______ branch, which passes through the lesser palatine foramen to supply the soft palate, and then continues through the greater palatine foramen to supply the hard palate. The latter vessel passes forward on the inferior surface of the palate to enter the incisive fossa and pass superiorly through the incisive canal to supply the anterior aspect of the septal wall of the nasal cavity.

Answer 247

greater palatine, lesser palatine

Question 248

The ______ branch of the maxillary artery travels posteriorly and leaves the pterygopalatine fossa through the palatovaginal canal with the pharyngeal nerve. It supplies the posterior aspect of the roof of the nasal cavity, the sphenoidal sinus, and the pharyngotympanic tube.

Answer 248

pharyngeal

Question 249

The ______ artery is the terminal branch of the maxillary artery. It leaves the pterygopalatine fossa medially through the sphenopalatine foramen and accompanies the nasal nerves, giving off:

• ______ arteries, which supply the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and contribute to the supply of the paranasal sinuses; and
• ______ branches, which travel medially across the roof to supply the nasal septum—the largest of these branches passes anteriorly down the septum to anastomose with the end of the greater palatine artery.

Answer 249

sphenopalatine, posterior lateral nasal, posterior septal

Question 250

The artery of the ______ passes posteriorly into the pterygoid canal. It supplies surrounding tissues and terminates, after passing inferiorly through cartilage filling the foramen lacerum, in the mucosa of the nasopharynx.

Answer 250

pterygoid canal

Question 251

Veins that drain areas supplied by branches of the terminal part of the maxillary artery generally travel with these branches back into the ______.

Answer 251

pterygopalatine fossa

Question 252

The veins coalesce in the pterygopalatine fossa and then pass laterally through the pterygomaxillary fissure to join the pterygoid plexus of veins in the ______.

Answer 252

infratemporal fossa

Question 253

The ______ vein, which drains the inferior aspect of the orbit, may pass directly into the infratemporal fossa through the lateral aspect of the inferior orbital fissure, so bypassing the pterygopalatine fossa.

Answer 253

infra-orbital