Skull

Question 1

Synovial joints in head

Answer 1

3
Temporomandibular joint
Between three tiny bones in middle ear - malleus, incus and stapes

Question 2

Cervical vertebrae characterized by

Answer 2

small body
bifid spinous process
foramen transversarium (allow vertebral artery and vein to pass through)

Question 3

Hyoid bone

Answer 3

Superiorly, attached to floor of oral cavity
Inferiorly, attached to larynx
Posteriorly, attached to pharynx

Question 4

Visible on greater wing of sphenoid bone on inferior view of skull

Answer 4

Foramen ovale

Foramen spinosum

Question 5

Base of skull split into 3 parts

Answer 5

Anterior - teeth and hard palate
Middle - behind hard palate to anterior margin of foramen magnum
Posterior - anterior edge of foramen magnum to superior nuchal lines

Question 6

Sphenoid bone

Answer 6

Greater wing
Lesser wing (not seen in inferior view)
Pterygoid process

Question 7

Foramen lacerum

Answer 7

Petrous part of temporal bone
basilar part of occipital medially
body of sphenoid anteriorly

Question 8

Temporal bone parts and processes

Answer 8

Squamous part
Petrous part
Mastoid part
Tympanic part

Zygomatic process
Styloid process

Question 9

Carotid canal

Answer 9

Petrous part of temporal bone

Question 10

Auditory tube

Answer 10

Between greater wing of sphenoid anteriorly and petrous part of temporal bone posteriorly

Question 11

Parts of occipital bone

Answer 11

Squamous part (posterior to foramen magnum)
Lateral part (lateral to foramen magnum)
Basilar part (anterior to foramen magnum)

Jugular foramen is anterolateral hypoglossal canal

Question 12

Anterior cranial fossa

Answer 12

Frontal ethmoid and sphenoid

Question 13

Internal foramina of anterior cranial fossa

Answer 13

Foramen cecum

Olfactory foramen in cribriform plate

Question 14

Foramen cecum

Answer 14

Emissary veins to nasal cavity

Question 15

Middle cranial fossa

Answer 15

Part of sphenoid and temporal bones

Question 16

Sella turcica

Answer 16

Remainder of body of sphenoid, consists of deep central area (hypophyseal fossa) which contains pituitary glands

Anteriorly - tuberculum sellae
Posteriorly - dorsum sellae

Question 17

Internal foramina of middle cranial fossa

Answer 17

Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Hiatus for greater petrosal nerve
Hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve

Question 18

Superior orbital fissure

Answer 18

Between greater and lesser wing of sphenoid bone

Major passageway between orbit and middle cranial fossa.

Question 19

Contents of superior orbital fissure

Answer 19

Oculomotor nerve III 
Trochlear nerve IV
Ophthalmic nerve V1
Abducens nerve VI 
Ophthalmic veins

Question 20

Optic canal

Answer 20

Lesser wing of sphenoid bone

optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

Question 21

Foramen rotundum

Answer 21

Greater wing of sphenoid bone

Maxillary nerve V2 - from middle cranial fossa to pterygopalatine fossa

Question 22

Foramen ovale

Answer 22

Greater wing of sphenoid bone
Connects middle cranial fossa to infratemporal fossa
Mandibular nerve V3
Lesser petrosal nerve (from nerve IX)
Small vessel - accessory middle meningeal artery

Question 23

Foramen spinosum

Answer 23

Greater wing of sphenoid bone
Connects middle cranial fossa to infratemporal fossa

Middle meningeal artery

Question 24

Posterior cranial fossa

Answer 24

Mainly temporal and occipital bone
Some of sphenoid and parietal

Contain brainstem and cerebellum

Question 25

Internal foramina in posterior cranial fossa

Answer 25

``` Foramen magnum Internal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal Condylar canal ```

Question 26

Foramen magnum

Answer 26

Spinal cord Vertebral arteries Meninges Spinal roots of accessory nerve

Question 27

Internal acoustic meatus

Answer 27

Petrous part of temporal bone Nerve VII and VIII Labyrinthine artery and vein

Question 28

Jugular foramen

Answer 28

Separates petrous part of temporal bone and occpital bone Groove to inferior petrosal sinus is medial to this Groove to sigmoid sinus is lateral to this Nerve 9 10 11

Question 29

Sigmoid sinus

Answer 29

Passes into jugular foramen

Question 30

Inferior petrosal sinus

Answer 30

empties into internal jugular vein in area of jugular foramen

Question 31

Hypoglossal canal

Answer 31

In occipital bone | Nerve 12, maningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery

Question 32

Arterial supply to dura mater

Answer 32

Travels in outer periosteal layer of dura mater Anterior meningeal arteries Middle and accessory arteries Posterior meningeal arteries

Question 33

Flow of CSF

Answer 33

Produced by choroid plexus Flows from lateral ventricle to third ventricle via interventricular foramina (foramina of Monro) Then to fourth ventricle via cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvia) Then from there passes into subarachnoid space via midline foramen or 2 lateral foramina (foramen of Magendie and Luschka)

Question 34

Vertebral arteries

Answer 34

From first part of subclavian artery branches before joining up to form basilar artery: anterior spinal artery, posterior spinal artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery Branches after joining to form basilar artery: anterior inferior cerebellar artery, pontine arteries, superior cerebellar artery Basilar artery branches into 2 posterior cerebral arteries

Question 35

Internal carotid artery branches

Answer 35

Ophthalmic artery Posterior communicating artery (connects posterior ceberal and internal carotid artery) Middle cerebral Anterior cerebral

Question 36

Tributaries into dural venous sinus

Answer 36

``` Emissary vein (from outside cranial cavity) Diploic vein (between internal and external tables of compact bone in roof of cranial cavity) ```

Question 37

Dural venous vein drainage

Answer 37

into internal jugular vein

Question 38

Dural venous sinus

Answer 38

``` Superior sagittal Inferior sagittal Straight Transverse Sigmoid (continuation of transverse to IJV) Occipital sinus Confluence of sinuses ``` Cavernous sinus Sphenoparietal Superior and inferior petrosal Basilar sinus

Question 39

Transverse sinus

Answer 39

Right - receives blood mainly from superior sagittal | Left - receives blood mainly from straight sinus

Question 40

Cavernous sinus

Answer 40

Against lateral aspect of body of sphenoid on either side of sella turcica Receives blood from cerebral + ophthalmic veins + emissary veins (from pterygoid plexus of veins in infratemporal fossa)

Question 41

Structures in cavernous sinus

Answer 41

Internal carotid artery Abducens nerve Oculomotor Trochlear Ophthalmic Maxillary

Question 42

Superior petrosal sinus

Answer 42

Drain cavernous sinus into transverse sinus

Question 43

Inferior petrosal sinus

Answer 43

Drain cavernous sinus into IJV