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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Skull And Facial Bones > Flashcards

Skull And Facial Bones Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

what is the axial skeleton composed of?

A

skull bones
hyoid bone
ribs
sternum
bones of the vertebral column

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2
Q

How many bones does the skull consist of?

A

22
8 cranial and 14 facial

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3
Q

what do the cranial bones do?

A

form the cranial cavity that encloses and protects the brain

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4
Q

What 2 section are the skull bones divided into?

A

calvaria (skull cap)
floor or base

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5
Q

What makes up calvaria (skull cap)?

A

1 frontal bone
1 occipital bone
2 parietal bones
2 outer plates of compact bone
inner layer of spongy or trabecular bone called diploë

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6
Q

What makes up the floor or base of cranial bones?

A

1 ethmoid bone
1 sphenoid bone
1 occipital bone
1 frontal bone
2 temporal bones

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7
Q

what is the very top of the skull called?

A

the vertex

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8
Q

What are the 3 regions of the cranial floor?

A

anterior cranial fossa
middle cranial fossa
posterior cranial fossa

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9
Q

What is housed in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

frontal lobe of cerebrum

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10
Q

What is housed in the middle cranial fossa?

A

temporal lobes or cerebrum

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11
Q

What is housed in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

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12
Q

What is the vertical part of the frontal bone?

A

called frontal squama (forehead)
- contains frontal sinuses
forms the forehead and anterior part of cranial vault

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13
Q

What is the horizontal part of the frontal bone?

A

orbital plates
part of roof of the nasal cavity
greater part of floor of anterior cranial fossa

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14
Q

How can you determine if there is any tilt in a lateral skull image?

A

orbital plates - will not be superimposed if there is a tilt in the image

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15
Q

what are the important landmarks of the frontal bone?

A

supraorbital margins - superior ridge of orbit
superciliary arches - eyebrows
supraorbital foramina
glabella - superior to where the eyebrows meet - smooth elevation between superciliary arches

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16
Q

What are the articulations of the frontal bone?

A

parietal bones (right and left)
sphenoid
ethmoid
nasal bones (nasion)
zygoma

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17
Q

what are the parietal bones?

A

roughly square and have a concave internal surface (convex external surface)

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18
Q

What is the widest part of the skull?

A

parietal eminences

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19
Q

what are the articulations of the parietal bones?

A

frontal
temporal
occipital
sphenoid
opposite parietal bone

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20
Q

what is the occipital bone?

A

situated at the posteroinferior part of the skull
forms the floor of the posterior cranial fossa

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21
Q

What are the 4 parts of the occipital bone?

A

squama
2 occipital condyles
- where c1 articulates with the skull
basilar portion

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22
Q

What are the important landmarks or the occipital bone?

A

External occipital protuberance (inion) - bump on middle back of skull
Nuchal lines - ridges on outside and inside of skull for muscle attachment
Foramen magnum - under side spinal cord, inside skull is spinal cord
hypoglossal canals - hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) - 12th cranial nerve passes through
Jugular foramen - internal jugular vein drains venous blood from brain
foramen lacerum

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23
Q

what are the jugular foramen and foramen lacerum adjacent to?

A

occipital bone

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24
Q

what are the articulations of the occipital bone?

A

parietal bones
temporal
sphenoid
C1

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25
What are the temporal bones?
forms a large part of the middle cranial fossa and a small part of the posterior cranial fossa forms the inferior lateral parts of skull
26
what do the temporal bones consist of?
squamous portion tympanic portion petrous ridges or pyramids mastoid process
27
what is the squamous portion of the temporal bone?
zygomatic process of the temporal bone and temporal process of zygomatic bone form the zygomatic arch mandibular fossa condyle of mandible articulates with mandibular fossa to form TM joint
28
What is the tympanic region of the temporal bone?
inferior to squamous and anterior to mastoid and petrous bones EAM styloid process
29
what is the mastoid portion of the temporal bones?
tip of mastoid process (vertebral level of c1) contain mastoid air cells that communicate with space in the middle ear these air cells vary significantly in size and number
30
what forms the petrous portion of the temporal bones?
called petrous ridges or pyramids project anteriorly and medially thickest, densest bone in skull contains the cochlea and semicircular canals Top of ear attachment is a good landmark for the top of petrous ridges
31
what are the angles of the petrous ridges in the different skull shapes?
mesocephalic skull (average) - 47 brachycephalic - 54 dolichocephalic - 40
32
What are the important foramina of the temporal bones?
carotid canal through petrous pyramids - opens up right near foramen lacerum - internal carotid artery - travels through the carotid canal jugular foramen foramen lacerum EAM Internal auditory canal - vestibular and facial nerves
33
What is the sphenoid?
keystone bone of the cranial floor - articulates with all other cranial bones holding them together forms part of the anterior and middle cranial fossa vaguely shaped like a bat
34
what does the sphenoid consist of?
1 body 2 lesser wings 2 greater wings 2 pterygoid processes
35
what is the body of the sphenoid?
contains 2 sphenoid sinuses forms posterior bony wall of nasal cavity sella turcica
36
what is the sella turcica?
superior surface of the body houses the pituitary gland (hypophyseal fossa) 3/4" anterior and 3/4" superior to EAM tuberculum sellae (anterior border) dorsum sellae (posterior border) - posterior clinoid processes (top border) and the clivus (which the pons sits against)
37
What are the lesser wings of the sphenoid?
triangular and horizontal smaller and more superior than greater wings
38
What do the lesser wings of the sphenoid form?
postermedial portion of the roofs of the orbits optic foramen - optic nerve and ophthalmic artery upper margin of the superior orbital fissures and optic canals anterior clinoid processes
39
what do the greater wings of the sphenoid form?
posterolateral walls of the orbits lower margin of the superior orbital fissures part of the middle cranial fossa
40
what do the greater wings of the sphenoid contain?
foramen ovale foramen rotundum foramen spinosum
41
what are the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid?
inferior processes off the sphenoid body and greater wings forms the posterolateral region of nasal cavity
42
What is the ethmoid?
anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to nasal bones forms a great deal of the surface area of the nasal cavity
43
what does the ethmoid form?
part of the anterior portion of the anterior cranial fossa medial wall of the orbits superior portion of nasal septum superior portion of sidewalls of nasal cavity
44
what does the ethmoid consist of?
cribiform plate cista galli perpendicular plate lateral masses
45
what is the cribiform plate?
horizontal plate contains olfactory foramina (olfactory nerves)
46
What is the crista galli?
sits on cribriform plate attachment for Falx cerebri (membrane that separates hemispheres of the brain)
47
what is the perpendicular plate?
forms the superior part of the bony nasal septum
48
what are the lateral masses?
contain the ethmoid sinuses form the superior and middle nasal conchae form the medial wall of orbits
49
what are the sutures of the skull?
fibrous, synarthrodial-type joints 1. coronal suture 2. sagittal suture 3. lambdoidal suture 4. squamosal suture
50
where is the coronal suture?
between frontal and parietal bones
51
where is the sagittal suture?
superior midline between parietal bones
52
where is the lambdoidal suture?
posteriorly between occipital bone and both parietal bones
53
where is the squamosal suture?
lateral part of skull between parietal and temporal bones
54
what are the important landmarks or the sutures?
1. Bregma 2. Lambda 3. Pterions (Right and Left) 4. Asterions (Right and Left)
55
What is the Bregma?
anterior end of sagittal suture
56
What is the Lambda?
posterior end of sagittal suture
57
What are the Pterions?
junction of the parietal, temporal and greater wing of sphenoid landmark for the middle meningeal artery - this is a common spot for epidural hematomas - weak spot
58
What are the Asterions?
Posterior to the ear where the squamosal and lamdoidal sutures meet
59
what does the posterior fontanel turn into in adulthood?
lambda
60
What does the anterior fontanel turn into in adulthood?
bregma
61
what do the facial bones do?
protect the entrance to the respiratory and digestive tracts provide attachments for muscles - facial expressions - chewing (mastication) of food have no contact with the brain
62
What are the facial bones?
nasal bones (2) lacrimal bones (2) maxillary bones (2) zygomatic bones (2) palatine bones (2) inferior nasal conchae (2) vomer (1) mandible (1)
63
what are the nasal bones?
form the bridge of the nose - 2 laterals when imaging - include anterior nasal spine
64
What are the articulations of the nasal bones?
other nasal bone frontal bone (nasion) maxillae perpendicular plate of ethmoid
65
What are the lacrimal bones?
"tear ducts" smallest bones in face (size and shape of a finger nail) posterior and lateral to nasal bones Form anterior part of medial wall of each orbit tear duct passes through each lacrimal bone
66
What is the maxillary bone?
articulate with every other facial bone except the mandible also articulates with frontal and ethmoid
67
what does the maxillary bone form?
part of the lateral walls and most of the floor of the nasal cavity Part of the orbits 3/4 of the hard palate - bony roof of mouth - separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
68
what are the parts of the maxillae?
contains the maxillary sinuses anterior nasal spine - acanthion consists of a body 4 processes come from the body 1. frontal process 2. zygomatic process 3. alveolar process 4. palatine process - forms the hard palate
69
What is the frontal process?
articulates with nasal bone and frontal bone
70
What is the zygomatic process?
articulates with zygoma appear triangular on lateral projections of facial bones/orbits
71
What is the aveolar process?
articulate with 8 teeth
72
What is the palatine process?
require an inferior view to see form the anterior 3/4 of hard palate incisive foramen articulate with palatine bones (forms other 1/4) 2 palatine processes must fuse together (cleft palate)
73
What is the inferior orbital fissure?
between the greater wing of sphenoid and maxilla
74
What is the infraorbital foramen?
below orbit maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve
75
What are the zygomatic bones (zygoma)?
form the cheek bones (malar)
76
what do the zygomatic bones articulate with?
frontal temporal sphenoid maxillary
77
what forms the zygomatic arch?
temporal process of the zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of the temporal bone
78
What are the palatine bones?
"L" shaped bones Has a vertical and horizontal part
79
what is the vertical part of the palatine?
ascends between maxilla and pterygoid processes of sphenoid forms posterior nasal cavity most superior tip assists in forming posteromedial orbit
80
What forms the horizontal part of the palatine?
posterior 1/4 of hard palate
81
What is the inferior nasal conchae?
inferior lateral wall of nasal cavity project into cavity all 3 pairs of nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) increase the surface area of the nasal cavity and help swirl and filter air before it passes into the lungs
82
What is the vomer?
triangular bone on the floor of the nasal cavity forms the inferior portion of the bony nasal septum slants superiorly and posteriorly from anterior nasal spine (can fracture)
83
What is the mandible?
the largest, strongest facial bone only movable skull bone Ramus - vertical part, body - horizontal part and Angle or Gonion - between body and ramus, landmark for C3
84
what is the ramus?
mandibular condyle - articulates with mandibular fossa of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) coronoid process - attachment for temporalis muscle mandibular notch is the area between the coronoid process and condyle
85
What is the body of the Ramus?
alveolar process symphysis menti mental protuberance mental foramen - below the 2nd premolar or bicuspid tooth
86
What are the TM joints?
condyle of the mandible articulates with the mandibular fossa of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone joint is anterior and slightly superior to the EAM Synovial, diarthrosis joint Hinge and gliding Images are acquired with the mouth open and closed Amount condyle moves is termed excursion
87
What are the paranasal sinuses?
air-filled structures that all communicate with nasal cavity - frontal sinuses - sphenoid sinuses - ethmoid sinuses - maxillary sinuses
88
what is the purpose of the paranasal sinuses?
resonating chamber for the voice decrease weight of skull help warm and moisten inhaled air act as schock absorbers in trauma (air bags)
89
What are the frontal sinuses?
second largest group located between the 2 tables of squama typically 2 vary greatly in size and shape
90
What are the sphenoid sinuses?
typically 2 sinuses in body of the sphenoid
91
What are the ethmoid sinuses?
lateral masses of ethmoid divided into three different groups: anterior, middle and posterior
92
What are the maxillary sinuses?
largest in the body of the maxillae floor of the sinus is called maxillary antrum frontal view they appear pyramid-shaped Lateral view they appear more cube shaped
93
What is the position for the waters method?
looking up and opening mouth to see the sphenoid sinuses through the mouth
94
What are the orbits composed by?
3 cranial bones and 4 facial bones
95
What are the cranial bones that make up the orbit?
frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid
96
What are the facial bones that make up the orbit?
palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal and maxillary
97
What bones make up the circumference of the orbit?
frontal, zygomatic and maxillary
98
What makes up the roof of the orbit?
mainly frontal bone (orbital plates) and lesser wing of the sphenoid
99
What makes up the floor of the orbit?
Maxillary, zygomatic and palatine site of blowout fractures - maxilla - bleeding into maxillary sinus
100
What makes up the medial wall of the orbit?
ethmoid, lacrimal and maxillary thinnest portion
101
What makes up the lateral wall of the orbit?
frontal process of zygomatic, greater wing of sphenoid thickest part for protection
102
What is the Hyoid?
part of the axial skeleton does not articulate with any other bone "U" shaped Suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bones by muscles and ligaments located in the anterior part of the neck between mandible and larynx supports the tongue may be fractured during strangulation

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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