Skull projections Flashcards
PA PROJECTION
CI:
PP:
CR:
SS:
Skull ractures (medial and lateral displacement), neoplastic processes, and Paget
disease. This projection is intended to
demonstrate the rontal bone with minimal
distortion
Prone, forehead and nose against IR, MSP and OML is perpendicular to IR.
Petrous pyramid fills orbit; frontal bone
PA axial CALDWELL METHOD
Best demonstrate alveolar
ridge fractures.
* General survey examination
of the cranium
Prone, forehead and nose against IR, MSP and OML is perpendicular to IR.
CR 15° caudad to nasion
Petrous pyramid in the
lower 1/3 of the orbits.
ORIGINAL CALDWELL’S METHOD CR AND PP
23° caudad to nasion.
* Glabellomeatal Line (GML) perpendicular to IR
20° to 25° caudad to MID-ORBIT ON PA AXIAL DEMONSTRATE
superior orbital fissures
25° - 30° CAUDAD CALDWELL METHOD
* Demonstrate
rotundum foramina
* Petrous pyramid projected below the inferior orbital
margin.
AP axial PROJECTION
PP:
CR:
SUPINE, MSP &OML PERPENDICULAR TO IR
per pendicular to nasion ( if AP ONLY)
image is magnified
CR: 15 degrees CEPHALAD ( AXIAL)
SKULL AP AXIAL PROJECTION : TOWNE’S / GRASHEY METHOD
__ degrees caudad to OML
__ degrees caudad to IOML
__ to __ caudad
* Foramen magnum and
jugular foramina.
OML & IOML is perpendicular to IR
CHIN is DEPRESSED
30° caudad to OML
perpendicular to IR
37° caudad to IOML
perpendicular to IR
40° - 60° caudad
* Foramen magnum and
jugular foramina
2.5 in.(6 cm) above glabella
Best demonstrate the
occipital bone
PA AXIAL PROJECTION
HAAS METHOD
Prone position
* Forehead and nose
* OML perpendicular to IR
* CR 25° cephalad to 1.5
in. inferior to the inion and
exiting 1.5 in. above
nasion.
* Also called Reverse
Towne’s projection
* For hypersthenic or
kyphotic, obese and other
patients who cannot be
adjusted for AP axial
projection.
* Best demonstrate the
occipital bone with
magnification
Best demonstrate the
occipital bone
TOWNE’S / GRASHEY METHOD
Best demonstrate the
occipital bone with
magnification
PA AXIAL PROJECTION
HAAS METHOD
Mastoid pneumatization
is shown in this position
PA AXIAL PROJECTION
VALDINI METHOD
PA AXIAL PROJECTION
VALDINI METHOD
Alternative for Grashey
and Haas projection.
* Best demonstrate the
vestibulo-cochlear
region (the organ of
hearing)
LATERAL PROJECTION
MSP is parallel to IR
* IPL is perpendicular to
IR
* IOML perpendicular to
front edge of the
cassette.
* CR perpendicular to 2
inches above EAM
* Best demonstrate the
parietal bones.
* Sella tursica and clivus
are demonstrated in
profile.
Crosstable or
Shoot-Through
Lateral Projection
demonstrating
traumatic sphenoid
effusion which is an
indication of a basal
skull fracture.
SUBMENTOVERTICAL (SMV) (FULL
BASAL PROJECTION) SCHULLER METHOD
Head resting on vertex
* MSP is perpendicular to IR
* IOML is parallel to IR.
* CR to ¾ inch (2 cm)
anterior to level of EAMs
* Best demonstrate the
base of the skull
* Demonstrate the basilar
portion of the occipital
bone.
* Mandibular condyles
anterior to petrous
pyramids.
Best demonstrate the
base of the skull
SUBMENTOVERTICAL (SMV) (FULL
BASAL PROJECTION) SCHULLER METHOD
VERTICOSUBMENTO
(FULL BASAL PROJECTION)
SCHULLER METHOD
Distorted and magnified image
of the midbase due to
increase OID and angulation of
CR.
* Useful for studies of anterior
cranial base and sphenoid
sinuses.
* Best projection for foramen
ovale and spinosum.
* Alternative projection fot
SMV projection.
* Mandibular condyles anterior
to petrous pyramids.
For hypersthenic or
kyphotic, obese and other
patients who cannot be
adjusted for AP axial
projection.
PA AXIAL-HAAS METHOD
AXIOLATERAL
LYSHOLM METHOD
Head in lateral position.
* CR 30°-35° caudad exit
at a point 1 inch (2.5 cm)
distal to the lower EAM
* Alternative projection
for SMV projection for
patient who cannot
extend their neck.
* Oblique position of the
lateral base of the
cranium closest to the IR.
Alternative projection
for SMV projection for
patient who cannot
extend their neck.
AXIOLATERAL
LYSHOLM METHOD
