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B1 > SL > Flashcards

SL Flashcards

1
Q

Life can be defined as an organized genetic unit capable of…..

A

metabolism, Reproduction and evolution.

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2
Q

What’s metabolism?

A

Total chemical activity and consists of thousands of individual chemical reactions which are coordinated (if not cell wont have its proper function. The genes provide control and coordination.

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3
Q

Homeostaties

A

Everything needs to be of range in order for cells to fonction properly

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4
Q

Whats an organism?

A

A bunch of proteins (quality and quantity) who express genetic info

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5
Q

First cells

A

Prokaryotic cells

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6
Q

What caused Chemical evolution?

A

Random chemical interactions that produced molecules who were able to create copies of themselves.

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7
Q

Order of life

A

Atom, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism, biosphere

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8
Q

Where did diversty come from in cells?

A

First mutation in cell replication and then reproduction

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9
Q

Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?

A

No, the DNA just floats around

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10
Q

What came after prokyarotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells, larger prokaryotic cells ate smaller eukaryotic cells and decided to not eat it one day and realised that it much more useful.

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11
Q

four major types of biological
macromolecules

A

▪ Proteins
▪ Carbohydrates
▪ Lipids
▪ Nucleic acids

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12
Q

Macromolecules are…

A

giant polymers

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13
Q

Name 3 domains

A

Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya

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14
Q

Name 4 kingdoms

A

Plants, Fungi, Animal, protist

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15
Q

Homo sapiens

A

Genus, specific epithet

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16
Q

How can we call H20?

A

Compound

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17
Q

How can we call H2

A

Molecule, it’s not a compound

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18
Q

What’s the strongest bond

A

Covalent

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19
Q

What kind of bonds dissolve in water?

A

Ionic and polar bonds

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20
Q

What’s a word for substances that dissolve in water?

A

Hydrophilic

21
Q

Substance who hates water

A

Hydrophobic

22
Q

True or false?
All liquids are denser than their solide form.

A

True

23
Q

What influences the behaviour of molecules?

A

Functional groups and isomers of molecules

24
Q

What’s an isomer?

A

Same molecules with different arrangement ( structure format )

25
Q

What’s a monomer?

A

a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

26
Q

How are polymers created?

A

When monomers create a covalent bond with each other by means of condensation.

27
Q

What’s a hydrolosis reaction?

A

When water breaks or unite monomers inside a covalent bond.

28
Q

Properties of the functional group: Hydroxyl (OH)

A

Polar. Enables linkage with other molecules by dehydration.

29
Q

Properties of the functional group: Carboxyl (-COO-)

A

Acidic. Important in energy releasing reactions. Gives up -OH.

30
Q

Properties of the functional group: Amino (-NH3+)

A

Basic: Accepts H+. Enter into dehydration synthesis by giving up H+

31
Q

Properties of the functional group: Phosphate (PO4)

A

Negatively charged, enters dehydration synthesis by giving up -OH. When bonded with another phosphate releases much more energy

32
Q

Properties of the functional group:( SH) Sulfhydryl

A

Form a disfulfide bridge, stabilizes protein structure

33
Q

Name the 2 functional groups of the amino acid

A

Amino group, carboxyl group

34
Q

Name two 3 amino acids

A

Cysteine has disulfide, glycine has H and proline forms a ring with a modified amino group

35
Q

Name all level of structures and their properties.

A

1-sequence
2- hydrogen bonds who for a-helix or b-pleated sheet
3- linkage with disulfide bonds, aggregation of hydrophobic side chains
ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
4- 3D shape affected by pH, Temperature ,salt, carbon, oxydation

36
Q

What naturises proteins?

A

Chaperonins

37
Q

Carbohydrates: name its two groups that it’s composed of.

A

Hydrogen group(-H), hydroxyl group (-OH)

38
Q

Name 4 major categories of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides(monomers,simple sugars)
DIsaccharides( two monomers bonded by covalent bond)
Oligosaccharides (3-20 monosaccharides)
Polysaccharides( thousand of monosaccharides, forming starch or glycogen cellulose)

39
Q

General formula of a carbohydrate monomer

A

Cn(H20)n (1:2:1) ratio

40
Q

Name 4 monosaccharides monomers

A

Triose include glyceraldehyde
Tetrose include erythose
Pentoses include ribose, deoxyribose
Hexoses, include structural isomers, glucose, fructose,mannose,galactose

41
Q

Preferred energy of cells?

A

Glucose (monosaccharide), straight chain or ring(more stable)

42
Q

What type of linkage does monosaccharides bond with?

A

Glycosidic linkages (one for di and more than 2 for oli)

43
Q

Name polysaccharides and their function

A

Starch, storage of glucose in plants
Glycogen storages of glucose in animals
Cellulose : structural components for plants

44
Q

What’s a 5 carbon sugar?

A

Ribose and deoxyribose made of pentose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base

45
Q

What are lipids?

A

Macromolecule who is insoluble in water, its hydrophobic, doesn’t consist of polymers . Made of fatty acids and glycerol, smaller molecules.

46
Q

Fats and oils

A

Store energy, tryglycerides composed(three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule)
Glycerol 3 carbon molecules with a -OH Group for each
Fatty acids are long chais of hydrocarbons with (-COOH) at the end

47
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

Single carbon to carbon bond, saturated with hydrogen
Rigid straight and solid at room temperature, animal fats are saturated unsaturated have at least one double-bond carbon not all complt satured with H bond
Monounsatured one db bond
Poly- more than one bd bond plants have unsaturated fatty acids

48
Q

Phospholipids

A

B1 (2 decks)

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