SL lecture 4 Flashcards
(229 cards)
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INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY
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Industrial toxicology: Adverse effect of chemicals on living organism
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quantitative effect of chemicals on biological tissue
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Pharmacology: Positive effect of chemicals on living organism
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Leading work-related diseases and injuries
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- Lung disease (Cancer). Lungs – major bio mode of entry
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- Musculoskeletal injuries
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- Cancer
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- Amputation
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eye loss
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- Cardiovascular disease
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- Disorder of reproduction
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- Neurotic disorder
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- Noise-induced hearing loss
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- Dermatologic conditions
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10.Psychological disorders
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PART II: TOXICOLOGY
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Lecture 04
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TOPIC: ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITY
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Acute toxicity: Exposure to single (large) quantity of a chemical for a short
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time (≤ 24 hours). LD50
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LC50
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Vinyl chloride monomer – cancer after single exposure
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Chronic toxicity: Exposure to multiple (small) quantities of a chemical over
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long period of time
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Ethanol + Tetra chloromethane
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(Ethanol: excessive use – liver fibrosis
“cirrhosis”)
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Pesticides (organophosphates + carbamates).
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Absorbed by skin
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(not toxic substance + toxic substance)
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PART II: TOXICOLOGY
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Lecture 04
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TOPIC: COMBINED TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS
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Local Effect: Contact site response (e.g. to inorganic acids)
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Systematic Effect: On organism as a whole – response after absorption
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and distribution (example: benzene –leukaemia)
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PARTII: TOXICOLOGY
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Lecture 04
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TOPIC: COMBINED TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS
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Occupational Dermatoses
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1. Acute and chronic eczematous dermatitis
folliculitis and acneiform
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Allergic reaction to chemicals
plants
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chlorinated hydrocarbons.
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Chronic contact with coal tar
petroleum fractions may cause skin cancer
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2. Radiant energy: may cause skin cancer
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3. Acute and chronic infections
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4. Contact with acids
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5. Contact with solvents
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Sensitising – exposure to small quantities of a substance for long period (e.g
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fibreglass
saw dust)
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Toxicity: capacity of a substance to produce biological injury
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Toxic hazard = Exposure x Toxicity
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PART II: TOXICOLOGY
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Lecture 04
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TOPIC: COMBINED TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS
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Examples
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1. Solubility
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Ba2+ highly toxicbut BaSO4 (insoluble) used in X-ray examination
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BaS
Ba(NO3)2 are soluble
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Ba(NO3)2 Ba2+ + 2NO3
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PbCrO4
ZnCrO4 are insoluble
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2. Valence
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Cr3+ biological function – glucose and cholesterol control
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Cr6+ as CrO4
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2- irritant
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CrO3 + H2O H2CrO4 (mist
no smell
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Na2CrO4 + H2O 2Na+ + CrO4
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2- (irritant)
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K2CrO4 + H2O 2K+ + CrO4
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36923
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(irritant)
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3. Mercury
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Hg (l) high Psat - effect on emotional stability
muscle control
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Highly toxic: inorganic compounds
e.g. Hg(NO3)
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PART II: TOXICOLOGY
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Lecture 04
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TOPIC: COMBINED TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS
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4. Lead
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Inorganic: Loss of memory
comma
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Organic: More dangerous:
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Pb(C2H5)4 Penetrates through skin
attacks haemoglobin (blocks its
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biosynthesis)
mental and physical retardation of children (growth
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development)
residues in bones
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5. Tin
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In organic compounds – liver disease
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6. Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen
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Hazard if oxygen in air is replaced.
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Regulations: O2 ≥19.5% Not possible to survive if O2<10%
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7. Carbon monoxide
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No smell and taste
colourless
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Product of incomplete combustion
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Toxic effect – attacks haemoglobin (forming carboxyhaemoglobin)
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8. HCN
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Blocks enzyme “Cytochrome Oxidase”
a carrier of oxygen to tissues. Forms enzyme
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“Cyanocytochrome Oxidase” instead (no transfer of oxygen)
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PART II: TOXICOLOGY
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Lecture 04
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TOPIC: COMBINED TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS
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Example of categorisation
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LD50/kg
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1. Extremely toxic ≤ 1 mg
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2. Highly toxic 1-50 mg
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3. Moderately toxic 50-500 mg
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4. Slightly toxic 0.5-5 g
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5. Practically toxic 5-15 g
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6. Relatively harmless > 15 g
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PART II: TOXICOLOGY
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Lecture 04
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TOPIC: COMBINED TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS
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PART II: TOXICOLOGY
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Lecture 04
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TOPIC: COMBINED TOXIC EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS
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No effect on the exposed person
but the effect passed on future generations.
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Also known as Teratogenesis
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PART II: TOXICOLOGY
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Lecture 04
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TOPIC: IRRITANTS
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TOXIC CHEMICALS
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• Solids
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• Liquids
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• Airborne matter (µm-sized particulars: mists
aerosols
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• Vapours
gases
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Irritants
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• Inflammation (body’s defence – concentration of proteins and water to
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dilute and wash off the chemical.
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Upper respiratory tract: Effect of more soluble chemicals (Cl2
COCl2)
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Pulmonary oedema: less soluble (NOx)
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• Dermatitis: direct contact (s
l) with skin (acids
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surfactants; dehydrating
oxidising
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PART II: TOXICOLOGY
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Lecture 04
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TOPIC: SENSITIZERS
ASPHYXIANTS
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Sensitizers
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Subsequent exposure to the same (or related) chemical producing allergic
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response
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(highly specific
may occur within 10 days)
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• Skin sensitizers inflammation (e.g. Chromates
pitch
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• Respiratory sensitizers sense of tightness (chest)
cough
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(formaldehyde; barley
oats
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Asphyxiants
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Simple anoxia due to higher concentration N2
CO2 in the air
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Anaesthetics and narcotics
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Effect on central nervous system (hydrocarbons
chlorinated solvents
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PART II: TOXICOLOGY
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Lecture 04
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TOPIC: RESPIRATORY FIBROGENS
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Respiratory fibrogens
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Critical size of dust: 0.5-7 µm (deposition in bronchioles and alveoli)
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Silica and asbestos: building of scar tissue reduction in lungs elasticity
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Dust morphology: amorphous SiO2 not fibrogenic
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Quartz
free crystalline silica
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PART II: TOXICOLOGY
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Lecture 04
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TOPIC: CARCINOGENS
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Carcinogens
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Asbestos: respiratory tract
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Benzene: blood (leukaemia)
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Soot
tars
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VCM: liver
lung
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Haematite (mining): lung
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Isopropanol (manufacture): respiratory tract (strong acid process)
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Nickel (refining)
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Chemicals probably carcinogenic in humans:
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Be
Cd: Bone
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CCl4: liver
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(CH3)2SO4: lung
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PCB: skin
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PART II: TOXICOLOGY
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Lecture 04
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TOPIC: HYGIENIC STANDARDS
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Mineral oils
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Lubricants
oil coolants
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Low acute toxicity: Oral LD50 ~10 g/kg
low volatility
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Dermatitis: long exposure skin cancer
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Inhalation of highly
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concentrated oil mists: lung irritation
possibly pneumonia
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TLV-TWA: 5 mg/m3 (8 hours) TLV-STEL: 10 mg/m3 (10 minutes)
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Hygienic Standards
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• TLV (USA)
OEL (UK)
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TWA long-term exposure limits: Total intake of contaminant over a long period (8
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hour weighted average)
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STEL short-time exposure limits: Acute effects (10 or 15 minute weighted average)
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C ceiling
should not be exceed any time
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M maximum exposure limits: max. concentration of airborne substance – exposure by
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inhalation
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PART II: TOXICOLOGY
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Lecture 04
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TOPIC: HYGIENIC STANDARDS
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Hygienic Standards
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• PEL (airborne concentration)
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• OES (UK: Occupational exposure standard)
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Concentration of an airborne substance averaged over a reference period
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No injury at long time exposure by inhalation
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Shortcomings in applications of Standards
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• Effects of mixtures (additive or synergistic)
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• Effects of extended working hours
exertion
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• Subjectivity (e.g. due to pre-existing medical conditions)
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• Changes in knowledge of toxicology
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Precautions
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• Substitution: less toxic
less volatile
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• Minimisation of inventory: in storage
in process
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• Handling: pipelines
transfer (pressurisation
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and gases)
special containers
