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SL test Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of Life

A 
Metabolism - chemical rxns inside cell
Response - reacting to stimuli
Homeostasis - controlling conditions inside cell
Growth - increasing in size
Reproduction - producing offspring
Nutrition - obtaining food
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2
Q

Differentiation

A

cells in a multicellular organism develop in different ways and thus become specialized for one particular function

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3
Q

Cell Theory

A

living organisms are made of cells
cells are the smallest unit of life
cells come from pre-existing cells

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4
Q

Muscle fibres and hyphae

A

Muscle fibres = make up skeletal muscle, contain hundreds of nuclei
Hyphae = threadlike structures that contain many nuclei…make up fungi

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5
Q

Stem cells

A

cells that have the capacity to self-renew by cell division and differentiate

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6
Q

As the size of an object is increased…

A

…the ratio of Surface Area/volume decreases

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7
Q

Problems if SA/V ratio gets too big

A
  • won’t be able to take in essential materials/excrete waste fast enough
  • won’t be able to lose heat fast enough
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8
Q

Magnification equation

A

Magnification = size of image/size of specimen

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9
Q 
Differences in Animals vs. Plants:
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Polysaccharides
Vacuole
Shape
A

Cell wall: animals have plasma membrane, plants have plasma membrane+cell wall
Chloroplasts: animals don’t, plants do (if they photosynthesize)
Polysaccharides: animals = glycogen for storage, plants = starch
Vacuole: animals no, plants have large fluid-filled one
Shape: animals able to change shape, plants are fixed

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10
Q

Types of membrane proteins:

A

Hormone binding site (allows a specific hormone to bind and transmit signal to cell)
Enzymes (catalyze reactions)
Electron carries (electrons can travel throughout the membrane)
Channels for passive transport (allows one specific substance through)
Pumps for active transport: (use energy from ATP and use it to move substances across the membrane)

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11
Q

Diffusion

A

passive movement of particles from a region of high concentration –> low concentration

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12
Q

Partially permeable membranes

A

membranes allow some substances to diffuse but not others

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13
Q

Simple diffusion

A

substances moving in between the phospholipid molecules in the membrane

PASSIVE…NO ENERGY USED

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14
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Specific channel proteins allow substances to pass through

PASSIVE…NO ENERGY USED

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15
Q

Osmosis

A

passive movement of water molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration across a partially permeable membrane

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16
Q

Active transport

A

the movement of substances across membranes using energy from ATP

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17
Q

Endocytosis

A

absorption - plasma membrane pinches inward to make a vesicle

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18
Q

Exocytosis

A

expulsion - vesicle binds to plasma membrane and releases its contents outside the cytoplasm

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19
Q

Extracellular components - plant cell walls

A

Cells synthesize cellulose fibres and add them to the inner surface of the cell wall for rigidity and shape maintenance

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20
Q

Extracellular components - glycoproteins

A

Proteins+carbohydrate used to make extracellular matrix or “basement membrane” of single-celled layer around structures like alveoli or capillaries to prevent tearing

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21
Q

Stages of interphase

A

G1: DNA transcription, protein synthesis
S: DNA is replicated
G2: cell prepares for division

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22
Q

Uses of mitosis

A

Growth
Embryonic development
When tissues need to be repaired
To reproduce asexually

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23
Q

Most common elements of life

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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24
Q

Organic compounds

A

compounds containing carbon found in living organisms (but not carbon dioxide, carbonates, or hydrogen carbonates)

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25
Trace elements
``` Sulphur = needed to make 2/20 amino acids for proteins Calcium = messenger Phosphorous = part of phosphate groups in DNA Iron = make proteins used in electron transport chain Sodium = pumped into cytoplasm to help with osmosis ```
26
Condensation reaction
HO from one molecule and H from another molecule become water, and the two molecules form together. Products = water and polypeptide
27
Name of amino acids, monosaccharides, and fatty acids/lipids
AA + AA = polypeptide M + M = polysaccharide FA + L = glyceride
28
Hydrolysis
Reverse of condensation reaction...water added to macromolecules to split them up
29
Three examples of monosaccharides
Glucose: carried by blood to transport energy to animals Galactose Fructose: used to make fruits sweet-tasting to attract animals
30
Three examples of disaccharides
``` Maltose = glu+glu Lactose = glu+galac (sugar in milk to provide energy to baby animals) Sucrose = glu+fru (carried by phloem to transport energy in plants) ```
31
Three examples of polysaccharides
``` Starch Glycogen (short term energy store in liver and muscles) Cellulose (strong fibres to construct cell walls in plants) ```
32
Three functions of lipids
Energy storage: fat in human, oil in plants Heat insulation: layer of fat underneath skin to reduce heat loss Buoyancy: less dense so help to float
33
Carbs vs. Lipids
Lipids contain more energy per gram (therefore stores are lighter but contain same amount of energy) and insoluble in water (don't cause probs with osmosis) Carbs are more easily digested (energy can be transported easier), and are soluble in water (easier to transport)
34
Transcription definition
copying of the base sequence of a gene by making an RNA molecule
35
Steps of Transcription
- DNA double helix unravels - Free RNA nucleotides assemble using *one* of the two DNA strands as the template - RNA nucleotides are linked up to form a strand of RNA - mRNA (the strand) separates from the DNA - DNA reforms
36
Translation definition
The genetic code being translated using mRNA and tRNA
37
Codon
group of three bases (triplet genetic code), each code for one amino acid
38
Steps of Translation
- mRNA (containing codons) binds to a subunit of ribosome (_,_,_,O,_,) - tRNA molecules are present around the ribosome, each containing anticodons - tRNA molecules bind to the ribosome ONLY if they are complementary to mRNA codon - Hydrogen bonds form between codon/anticodon - Two amino acids carried by tRNA molecules bind with a polypeptide linkage, tRNA to the left detaches, and the ribosome moves along the mRNA to the next codon - Steps are repeated until a polypeptide is formed
39
Exceptions to "genes always code for polypeptides"
- some code for tRNA or mRNA - some are regulators of gene expression not translated into polypeptides - lymphocytes splice pieces of DNA together to form antibodies
40
Enzymes
Biological catalysts in the form of globular proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being changed themselves
41
Denaturation
Changing the structure of an enzyme (or other protein) so they can no longer carry out their function
42
Photosynthesis
plants convert light energy (usually from the sun) into chemical energy
43
Chlorophyll
main pigment that absorbs light; redblue better than green
44
Carbon fixation
conversion of gaseous carbon to solid carbon using hydrogen from photolysis and energy from ATP
45
Three ways of measuring the rate of photosynthesis
Production of oxygen: aquatic plants release bubbles Uptake of carbon dioxide: if CO2 is absorbed from water, pH will rise and can be monitored Increases in biomass: measure biomass of batches of plants at different periods
46
Gene
heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic
47
Genome
the whole of the genetic information of an organism
48
chromosome
DNA molecules with corresponding protein
49
Gene locus
position of a gene on a chromosome
50
allele
a form of a gene, differing from other alleles of the gene by a few bases at most and occupying the same locus as the other alleles of that gene
51
Diploid
if the cell has two full sets of chromosomes
52
haploid
if the cell has only one type of each chromosome, and thus only one set
53
homologous
have the same genes as each other, in the same sequence, but not necessarily the same alleles
54
Karyotype
number and appearance of the chromosomes in an organism to reveal gender/chromosomal abnormalities
55
Ways of obtaining cells for karyotyping
Amniocentesis: cells from amniotic sac in fetus via hypodermic needle Chorionic villus sampling: cells from placenta via hypodermic needle
56
Non-disjunction
non-separation of chromosomes during anaphase, resulting in gametes with either one chromosome too many or too few
57
Test Cross
an individual that might be heterozygous is crossed with an individual that is homozygous recessive
58
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
DNA is copied to produce copies of the original molecules; useful when there are only small quantities of DNA but more are needed
59
Gel electrophoresis
separate mixture of proteins, DNA, and other charged molecules by using an electrically charged sheet of gel
60
DNA profiling
DNA is copied via PCR, cut up with restriction enzymes, and separated with gel electrophoresis to examine for similarities (forensic investigation/paternity tests)
61
Why can genes be transferred between organisms?
Genetic code is universal; gene codes for a polypeptide with the same amino acid no matter what species of organisms
62
Clone
group of genetically identical organisms or a group of genetically identical cells derived from a single parent cell
63
How to clone?
Cells with dormant genes are fused with an egg cell w/o a nucleus, and implanted into a surrogate
64
Hooray for therapeutic cloning!
Embryonic stem cells can be used for therapies that save lives/reduce suffering Extracted from embryos that would have died anyway Don't feel pain bc no nerves
65
Therapeutic cloning is bad :(
Every embryo is a potential human who should have been given the chance to survive More embryos produced than needed sometimes so they get killed potentially grow into tumors
66
Keys
series of numbered stages consisting of a pair of alternative characteristics to either guide to the next stage of the key or identification
67
Species
group of organisms with similar characteristics that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
68
Genus
Group of similar species
69
Four main phyla of plants
Bryophytes, mosses Filicinophytes, ferns Coniferophytes, conifers Angiospermophytes: flowering plants
70
Six examples of animal phyla
``` Porifera, sponges Platyhelminths, tapeworms Mollusca, slugs snails clams Cnidaria, jellyfish sea anenomes Annelida, earthworms leeches Arthropoda, insects spiders ```
71
Population definition
Group of organisms of the same species who live in the same area at the same time
72
Fuor ways in which the population can change:
Natality: animals born and added to population Mortality: animals die and are lost from the population Immigration: individuals move into the area and are added to the population Emigration: individuals move out of the area to live elsewhere
73
Equation to figure out population change
(natality + immigration) - (mortality + emigration)
74
Phases of population growth
``` Exponential phase (move to new area) Transitional phase (natality/mortality even out) Plateau phase (natality/mortality equal, shortage resource/more danger) ```
75
Three arguments for evolution
Homologous anatomical structures between different organisms Fossil records Selective breeding of domesticated animals
76
Community
group of populations living together and interacting with each other in an area
77
Trophic relationships
one population feeds on another population
78
Trophic level...
...of an organism is its position in the food chain producer --> primary consumer --> secondary consumer...
79
Autotrophs
organisms that synthesize their own organic molecules from simple inorganic substances (aka make their own food)
80
Heterotrophs
organisms that obtain organic molecules from other organisms
81
three types of heterotrophs
Consumers: organisms that ingest organic matter that is living or recently killed Detritivores: ingest dead organic matter Saprotrophs: live on or in dead organic matter, secreting enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion
82
Abiotic environment
non-living surroundings of a community
83
Precautionary principle
people planning to do something must first prove that it will /not/ do harm, before actually doing it
84
Three digestive enzymes, example, source, substrate, products, optimum pH
Amylase - salivary amylase - salivary glands - starch - maltose - pH 7 Protease - pepsin - wall of stomach - proteins - small polypeptides - pH 1.5 Lipase - pancreatic lipase - pancreas - triglycerides - fatty acids/glycerol - pH 7
85
Three examples of relationship between villi structure and function
- microvilli increase surface area - blood capillaries are close to the surface, so not a long way for diffusion - mitochondria in epithelium surface provide ATP for active transport

Biology (4 decks)

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