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Unit 1 Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

*Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds

A

Organic compounds are naturally occuring compounds exempting carbonates and hydrocarbonates.

Any compound without carbon is automatically inorganic

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2
Q

What are the most frequently occurring elements in life?

A

Carbon

Oxygen

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

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3
Q

*Trace element function: Sulphur

A

Needed to make 2/20 of amino acids for protein

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4
Q

*Trace element function: Calcium

A

Acts as a messenger; makes minerals for bones and teeth

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5
Q

*Trace element function: Phosphorous

A

Part of the phosphate groups in ATP and DNA

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6
Q

*Trace element function: Iron

A

needed to make hemoglobin in animals

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7
Q

*Trace element function: Sodium

A

pumped into cytoplasm to raise the solute concentration and cause osmosis

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8
Q

What is the bond between monosaccharides formed by condensation reaction called?

A

Glycosidic linkage

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9
Q

What is the connection between amino acids formed by condensation reaction called?

A

Peptide bond

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10
Q

What is the bond between fatty acids formed by dehydration synthesis called?

A

Ester linkage

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11
Q

This is…

A

Glucose

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12
Q

This is…

A

Ribose

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13
Q

*List 3 examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose

Galactose

Fructose

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14
Q

*List 3 examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose = glucose + glucose

Lactose = galactose + glucose

Sucrose = fructose + glucose

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15
Q

*List 3 examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch = polymer of (alpha) glucose

Glycogen = polymer of glucose

Cellulose = polymer of (beta) glucose

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16
Q

*Give a function of glucose in animals

A

Carried by the blood to transport energy to cells

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17
Q

*Give a function of lactose in animals

A

Lactose is the sugar in milk that provides energy for young mammals until they’re weaned

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18
Q

*Give a function of glycogen in animals

A

Short-term energy storage in the liver/muscles

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19
Q

*Give a function of fructose in plants

A

Makes fruit sweet-tasting, attracting seed-spreading animals

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20
Q

*Give a function of sucrose in plants

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A

Carried by phloem to transport energy to cells throughout the plant; i.e., transports energy throughout the plant

21
Q

*Give a function of cellulose in plants

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A

Makes strong fibres to buid the cell wall

22
Q

Hydroxyl group

23
Q

Carbonyl

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A

O

II

C - R

I

R

24
Q

Aldehyde/keytone

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A

Aldehyde = END of group carbonyl

Keytone = MIDDLE of group carbonyl ( key fits in middle of lock )

25
Amine
N - H I H (becomes a base and is ionized)
26
Sulfhydryl
-SH
27
Phosphate
O II ( rest of molecule) O - P - O- I O- (negative O's are the polar section of molecule)
28
Carboxyl
O II C - H I R
29
\*Fatty acid diagram
30
\*Three functions of lipids
1. Energy storage (fat in animals, oil in plants) 2. Heat insulation (layer of fat under skin keeps in heat) 3. Buoyancy (lipids are less dense than water)
31
\*Compare energy storage of carbs to lipids
Lipids: 1. contain more energy per gram, .'. stores of lipids = lighter than stores of carbs 2. insoluble in water so don't interfere with osmosis Carbs 1. More easily digested .'. energy released faster 2. Soluble in water to easier to transport
32
\*Identify amino acids from diagrams
33
\*Explain the four levels of protein structure PRIMARY
* linear form of chained amino acids held together with peptide bonds * number and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
34
\*Explain the four levels of protein structure SECONDARY
* regular repearing structures held together by hydrogen bonds between groups * (alpha) helices and (beta) pleated sheets
35
\*Explain the four levels of protein structure TERTIARY
* the three-dimensional conformation of a polypeptide * formed when polypeptide folds up after translation
36
\*Explain the four levels of protein strucutre QUATERNARY
* linking together of two or more polypeptides to form a single protein * May involve polypeptides linked to a non-polypeptide structure called a **prosthetic group**, forming a **conjugated protein**
37
\*Outline the differences between fibrous and globular proteins and give two examples of each
Fibrous: long and narrow, insoluble in water * collagen * myosin **Globular**: rounded shape, soluble in water * hemoglobin * immunoglobin
38
\*Explain the significance of polar and nonpolar amino acids
**Polar** amino acids have hydophilic R groups * are on the outside of proteins to make them water soluble * keep some proteins protruding from membrane **Nonpolar** amino acids have hydrophobic R groups * are on the inside of proteins to stabilize the structure * keep some proteins embedded in membrane
39
\*State 4 functions of proteins, giving a named example of each
* Transportation, transporting other substances such as molecules across cell membranes. **Hemoglobin** * Movement, contraction and motor. Actin/myosin * Structural proteins for support. Collagen * Hormonal proteins for coordination of organism's activities. Insulin
40
Energy coupling
The use of an exergonic process to drive on an endergonic process
41
\*Define enzyme and active site
**Enzyme**: globular proteins that act as biological catalysts made by living organisms **Active site**: the special region on enzymes where substrates bind
42
\*Explain enzyme-substrate specificity
Most enzymes are specific because they only catalyze certain reactions, which limits the number of substrates that can activate them
43
\*Effects of temperature on enzyme activity
Enzyme activity increases with temperature, because the faster molecular motion increases probability of substrate/enzyme collision... ...Until extremely high temperatures denature enzymes
44
\*Effects of pH on enzyme activity
A pH of 7 is the optimum pH for most enzymes
45
\*Effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity
Random enzyme/substrate collisions happen more frequently with higher substrate concentrations, until levelling off because all active sites are occupied
46
\*Denaturation
The structural change in a protein that results in the (usually permanent) loss of biological properties
47
\*Explain the use of lactase in the production of lactose-free milk
People that are lactose-intolerant lack the enzyme (lactase) needed to convert lactose to galactose and glucose. Lactase is put into dairy products for these people to do this conversion
48
Definition of an **exergonic** reaction
A net release of free energy; spontaneous
49
Definition of an **endergonic** reaction
Absorbs free energy; not spontaneous

Biology (4 decks)

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