Sleep

Question 1

Where does sleep activity originate from?

Answer 1

Reciclar formation on the brainstem

Question 2

What type of neurons are in the recticular formation?

Answer 2

Setogenic

Question 3

What does stimulation of the suprachiasmatic nuclei lead to?

Answer 3

Sleep promotion

Question 4

What does damage to the SCN lead to?

Answer 4

Disrupt sleep

Question 5

What controls melatonin release?

Answer 5

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

Question 6

What’re inhibitory neurons from the hypothalmus stimulated by?

Answer 6

Light

Question 7

Where do the inhibitory neurons from the hypothalamus act upon and inhibit?

Answer 7

The pineal gland

Question 8

What’s orexin?

Answer 8

Excitatory neurotransmitter from hypothalamus needed for wakefulness

Question 9

What’s narcolepsy caused by?

Answer 9

Defective orexin firing

Question 10

What 7 things can you do to assess wakefulness in an individual?

Answer 10

Behaviour
General alertness
Speech patterns and content
Reading 
Writing 
Calculating 
Spell or count backwards

Question 11

What’re the 4 types of wave patterns?

Answer 11

Alpha
Beta
Theta
Delta

Question 12

When do alpha waves occur?

Answer 12

Relaxed awake state

Question 13

When do beta waves occur?

Answer 13

In an alert awake state

Question 14

When do theta waves occur?

Answer 14

Common in kids

Emotional stress, frustration and sleep in adults

Question 15

When do delta waves occur?

Answer 15

Deep sleep

Question 16

What happens in stage 1 of the sleep cycle?

Answer 16

Slow waves
Non REM sleep
Slow eye movements
High amplitude, low frequency theta waves

Question 17

What happens in stage 2 in the sleep cycle?

Answer 17

Eye movements stop
Frequency slows further
Sleep spindles occur

Question 18

What’re sleep spindles?

Answer 18

Clusters of rhythmic waves 12-14Hz

Question 19

What happens in stage 3 of the sleep cycle?

Answer 19

High amplitude very slow delta waves
Short episodes of faster waves
Spindle activity declines

Question 20

What happens in stage 4 in the sleep cycle?

Answer 20

Delta waves only

Question 21

What % of sleep is REM?

Answer 21

25%

Question 22

What stages are known as slow wave sleep?

Answer 22

1-4

Question 23

What stages are known as deep sleep?

Answer 23

3 and 4

Question 24

How often does REM sleep occur and how often does it last for?

Answer 24

5-30 mins every 90 mins

Question 25

What drug class increases the time spent in REM sleep?

Answer 25

Anticholinesterases

Question 26

What happens to HR,RR and metabolism in REM sleep?

Answer 26

HR+RR become highly irregular and metabolism increases

Question 27

What can be seen on an EEG during REM sleep?

Answer 27

Mimics beta waves

Question 28

What does sleep support?

Answer 28

``` Neuronal plasticity Learning and memory Cognition Clearance of waste products from the CNS Conservation of whole body energy Immune function ```

Question 29

What’s the definition of insomnia?

Answer 29

A chronic instability to obtain the necessary amount or quality of sleep to maintain adequate daytime behaviour

Question 30

What’s chronic primary insomnia?

Answer 30

No identifiable psychological or physiological cause

Question 31

What’s temporary secondary insomnia?

Answer 31

Response to pain, bereavement or crisis | Usually short lived

Question 32

Name the 2 classes of drugs used to combat insomnia?

Answer 32

Barbiturates and benzodiazepines

Question 33

Night terrors vs nightmares

Answer 33

Nightmares=REM, wake and will remember it | Night terrors= seen in kids, occur in deep delta sleep, no recollection in the morning, thrashing and screaming

Question 34

What’s somnambulism?

Answer 34

Sleep walking

Question 35

When does somnambulism occur?

Answer 35

Non REM exclusively

Question 36

How can narcoleptic symptoms be interpreted?

Answer 36

An intrusion of REM sleep characteristics into the waking state