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Sleep and Arousal Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

Consciousness or Arousal

A

The ability of an individual to react appropriately to stimuli in the outside world

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2
Q

Coma

A

Unarousable unresponsiveness

–> with or without reflexes present

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3
Q

Unconsciousness

A

Arousable

–> But perhaps only temporarily by intense stimuli

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4
Q

Sleep

A

Arousable by normal stimuli

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5
Q

Drowsy wakefulness

A

Responding in a non-reflex way

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6
Q

Normal wakefulness

A

Responding to spoken or written stimuli

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7
Q

High arousal

A

Hyper alert and fast reactivity

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8
Q

EEG

A

Electroencephalograph
Small voltages recorded from pairs of scalp electrodes
Envelope of the average activity of many hundreds or thousands of nerve cells
Detect seizure activity

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9
Q

Normal waking EEG

A

High frequency

Low amplitude

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10
Q

Desynchronised EEG

A

Individual neurones firing out of phase with each other

Normal

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11
Q

Slow waved EEG

A

Individual neurones firing in phase with each other

Abnormal

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12
Q

Consciousness + synchronisation

A

More synchronised the cortical neuronal activity, the less conscious

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13
Q

Sleep + synchronisation

A

Normal (slow wave) sleep produces cortical neuronal synchronisation + thus large amplitude (delta) slow waves

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14
Q

Non-REM sleep / Slow wave sleep (SWS)

A

Normal
Increased growth and maintenance of immune, nervous, skeletal and muscular systems
Growth hormone main secretion
Most growth of long bones
Wound repair + regrowth of injured tissue

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15
Q

Melatonin

A

Released from pineal gland during sleep
Powerful free radical scavenger
Removes/neutralises free radicals that have accumulated during waking
Maintains GABA function + prevents seizures

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16
Q

Glycogen stores in brain during sleep

A

Increase

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17
Q

Pineal gland location

A

Posterior border of 3rd ventricle

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18
Q

Where are key control centres that control sleep and wakefulness

A

Reticular formation of Pons

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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Decides when we need sleep

Then sends signal to pons to trigger sleep state

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20
Q

Ghrelin

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A

Inhibitory action on sleep

21
Q

Low blood glucose levels

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A

Inhibitory action on sleep

22
Q

Leptin

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A

Increases sleepiness

23
Q

High adenosine levels

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A

Induce sleepiness

24
Q

Medial + Ventrolateral preoptic nuclei

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A

In Hypothalamus
BBB leaky
Receptors here detect blood levels of various molecules –> can promote or inhibit sleep

25
Preoptic nuclei Projections
Project to tuberomammillary nucleus Contains histaminergic neurones --> active during waking and silent during sleep --> project to all areas of neocortex Preoptic nuclei neurones can trigger sleep by inhibiting activity of TMN histaminergic neurones
26
Histamine
Monoamine | Histamine receptors- H1,2,3 etc
27
Diurnal sleep rhythm
Regulated by suprachiasmatic nucleus Special photoreceptor cells in retina send axons to SCN - fire continuously in daylight --> SCn integrates this to compute hours of daylight
28
Suprachiasmatic nucleus lesions
Destroy diurnal seep rhythm | Still sleep, but at irregular patterns
29
Narcolepsy
Abnormal sleep | Loss of orexin-containing neurones by autoimmune attack from T cell lymphocytes
30
Orexin
Peptides Orexin neurone cell bodies found in posterior hypothalamus --> innervate the brainstem monoamine cell bodies, especially locus coeruleus + raphe nuclei Stimulate release of ACh, NA, 5HT and DA
31
2 hypothalamic systems involved in maintaining wakefulness
Histamine neurones of tuberomammillary nucleus | Orexin neurones of posterior thalamus
32
Sleep onset
Signals from preoptic nuclei and suprachiasmatic nucleus inhibit histamine and orexin neurones Stops excitatory drive to monoamine neurones of reticular formation of pons and midbrain, which are necessary for cortical arousal
33
Dopaminergic cells
Ventral tegmental area
34
Cholinergic cells
Pedunculopontine nucleus
35
Noradrenergic cells
Locus coeruleus
36
Serotoninergic cells
Raphe nuclei
37
2 Cholinergic systems
Cholinergic cells in pedunculopontine nucleus project to thalamus Cholinergic neurones in basal forebrain nucleus send cholinergic axons to all parts of cerebral cortex
38
Cholinergic neurones + Alzheimer's
Cholinergic neurone systems damaged in Alzheimer's | Majority of Alzheimer's patients also have sleep disorders
39
Noradrenaline + serotonin neurones
Decrease activity during sleep
40
Noradrenaline system
Noradrenergic neurones drop to low activity in sleep | Alertness + attention
41
ACh system
ACh activity low during SW sleep During REM sleep activity in cholinergic neurones increases near waking levels ACh enables thalamus + cortex to operate in same way during normal alert waking and REM sleep
42
Serotonin system
REM- serotonin neurones completely stop + stay at 0 | Maintain connection between UMN and LMN --> so if asleep, not maintained
43
REM sleep function
Memory consolidation- Long term memory Removing junk + defragmenting memories Coping with life's stress
44
SSRIs
Serotonin release in brain ceases during REM sleep Reduce duration of REM sleep Increase sleep onset latency Decrease in sleep efficiency
45
TCAs
Promote sleep | Exert prominent blockade of H1 receptors
46
MOAIs
Reduce sleep- increase NA, DA and 5HT levels
47
Insomnia treatment
``` Lifestyle changes CBT Antihistamines Benzodiazepines Zopiclone ```
48
Sleep Apnoea
Stop breathing when start dreaming Muscles of throat relax too much, and obstruct airway Build up of CO2
49
SIDS
Mainly happen when baby asleep | Respiratory system not woken by rise in CO2 caused by the apnoea because immaturity of system

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