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Brain and Behaviour > Sleep and circadian rhythms > Flashcards

Sleep and circadian rhythms Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study of sleep called?

A

Polysomnography

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2
Q

Name the three types of scans that are used in the study of sleep

A

EEG, EOG, EMG

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3
Q

Name the two types of brain activity waves during wakefulness, and name when they occur

A

Beta, during brain activity, and alpha, when the person is resting

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4
Q

What brain wave activity characterises stage 1 sleep?

A

Theta waves

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5
Q

What two features is stage 2 sleep characterised by?

A

Sleep spindles (rapid but short bursts of activity) and k complexes (high amplitude but slow)

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6
Q

Stage 3 sleep involves what brain waves?

A

Delta

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7
Q

What is another term for stage 3 sleep?

A

Deep sleep/slow wave sleep

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8
Q

What brain activity waves occur in REM sleep?

A

Beta and theta

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9
Q

How long does it take to cycle between all four stages and back?

A

90 mins

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10
Q

What was discovered by Dement and Kleitman in 1957?

A

Dreams

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11
Q

What % of dreams are 1. sad, angry or anxious, 2. happy, 3. of a sexual nature?

A
  1. 64%
  2. 18%
  3. 1%
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12
Q

What is Allan Hobsonsnactivation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming?

A

The brainstem is activated during REM sleep and sends a signal to the cortex which creates images with actions and emotions from memory
There is no logic in dreaming however, when awake, the person tries to organise the content into a logical story
There is no meaning of dreams, however they are based on the persons experience

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13
Q

What is another name for Valli and Revonsuos coping hypothesis of dreaming?

A

The clinico-anatomical hypothesis

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14
Q

What does the clinico anatomical hypothesis/coping hypothesis of sleep suggest?

A

We dream about things we find threatening in our lives and dreams are biologically adaptive, tending to lead to enhanced coping strategies

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15
Q

What evidence supports the co-ping hypothesis of dreaming?

A

Problem solving occurs during sleep

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16
Q

What is the role of adenosine?

A

Accumalates during the day and promotes sleep, signals that there is very little energy and that we have used a lot of our energy already

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17
Q

Patients who had continuous sleep and would only wake up to eat and drink had damage to what brain area?

A

The base of the brain

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18
Q

Damage to what brain area is involved in insomnia patients?

A

Ventro-lateral preoptic area

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19
Q

What brain area is involved in wakefulness and who discovered the region?

A

The brain stem and Moruzzi and Mogoun, 1949

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20
Q

What is the name of the system operating during wakefulness?

A

Reticular activating system

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21
Q

What is the RAS

A

Composed of several nuclei that project to the forebrain and promote arousal

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22
Q

What are the different nuclei in the RAS

A
  1. Locus coeruleus
  2. Raphe nucleus
  3. Tuberomammillary nucleus
    Nucleus basalis of Maynert
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23
Q

What did Ciff Saper term the battle between sleep and arousal?

A

The flip-flop switch

24
Q

What peptide helps to maintain wakefulness?

A

Orexin/hypocretin

25
Q

Endogenous cycles are generated based on what?

A

The earths rotation

26
Q

What did Aschoff 1965 discover?

A

Humans placed in underground bunkers with no external cues showed daily sleep-activity rhythms, even though they drifted slightly above 24 hours

27
Q

What are external cues called?

A

Zeitgebers

28
Q

When a zeitgeber sets an internal rhythm it is said to be what?

A

Entrained

29
Q

Travelling west does what to our circadian rhythm?

A

Phase-delays

30
Q

What is the variability in our circadian rhythms called

A

Chronotypes

31
Q

Where is the primary biological clock located?

A

SCN

32
Q

What was discovered about neuronal activity in the the SCN during the light period?

A

More active

33
Q

What happens following SCN transplantation?

A

The recipient follows the donors rhythm

34
Q

How does light reach the SCN?

A

The retinohypothalamic tract

35
Q

What is the special population of ganglion cells called that respond to light in the RHT?

A

Photo sensitive retinal ganglion cells

36
Q

What is the special pigment found in PRGCs?

A

Melanopsin

37
Q

What initiates the transcription of the PER and TIM genes?

A

The clock and the activators

38
Q

In drosophila, what two genes are activated that produce proteins? and what proteins do they produce?

A

Per gene and tim gene, producing PER and TIM

39
Q

What does it mean to form dimers?

A

The two proteins pair up

40
Q

What do the dimers do once they are paired?

A

They translocate to the nucleus and inhibit the transcription of more of themselves

41
Q

In mammals what are the names of the genes and the proteins they create?

A

CLOCK and BMAL1 gene, creating per 1,2,3 of cryptocome 1,2 which produced cry

42
Q

High amounts of inhibition = high amounts of proteins in the nucleus = what?

A

Sleepiness

43
Q

What other glands does the SCN control during wake and sleep?

A

The pituitary gland ~(light phase) and the pineal gland (dark phase)

44
Q

How does melatonin affect breeding?

A

More melatonin produced in winter shrinks the gonads

45
Q

How does the circadian rhythm affect treatment of disease?

A
  1. Drug toxicity varies from 20-80% depending on time of day
  2. Risk for illness also changes, with a higher likelihood of stroke and heart attacks in the morning due to a surge in cortisol
46
Q

Name the four reasons why we sleep?

A
  1. Adaptive
  2. Restorative
  3. Promotes development
  4. Facilitates cognition
47
Q

What is removed from the body during sleep that promotes restoration?

A

Free radicals and toxic waste

48
Q

When is growth hormone at its peak?

A

During REM sleep

49
Q

LC = ?
RN = ?
TMN = ?
NBM = ?

A

1.Norepinephrine/noradrenaline
2. 5-HT
3. Histamine
4. Acetylcholine

50
Q

What is secondary insomnia?

A

Inability to sleep due to another mental or physical condition

51
Q

Give an example of a pharmacological hypnotic

A

GABA-a agonists, BZDs and antihistamines

52
Q

Name three sleep disorders that is not insomnia

A
  1. Narcolepsy
  2. Sleep apnea
  3. REM sleep disorder behaviour
53
Q

Name the three main symptoms of narcolepsy

A

Sleep attacks, cataplexy, sleep paralysis

54
Q

What occurs in REM sleep disorder?

A

The behaviour of people corresponds with the contents of their dreams

55
Q

What problems can low-wave sleep cause?

A

Bed-wetting, sleepwalking and night terrors

Brain and Behaviour (10 decks)

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