Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Brain and Behaviour > Learning and memory > Flashcards

Learning and memory Flashcards

1
Q

What types of memories are declarative?

A

Episodic and semantic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was Donald Hebbs major discovery?

A

“Cells that wire together, fire together”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What mechanism underlies synaptic strengthening?

A

LTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who first discovered LTP

A

Bliss and Lomo, 1973

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What did Bliss and Lomo observe?

A

After stimulating the neuron with a high frequency, the single stimulations that followed were causing bigger EPSPs than they were before the neuron was depolorised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does tetanic stimulation mean?

A

Repeated stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What animal experiment is used to test spatial memory?

A

Morris water maze task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

At resting potential, if glutamate binds to an AMPA or a NMDA receptor what happens?

A

AMPA = EPSP due to sodium influx
NMDA = nothing due to Mg block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Following depolorisation/HFS, what happens to the NMDA receptor?

A

Mg block is removed and sodium and calcium are fluxed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is AP5?

A

NMDA antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens to rats performance on the morris water maze task , following administration of AP5?

A

They spend the same amount of time in all the quadrants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens to the cells response in rats who were injected with AP5 following a HFS?

A

They return to baseline instead of showing the higher EPSPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What protein does calcium activate in the post-synaptic terminal?

A

CaMKII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What effect does CaMKII have on the AMPA receptors?

A
  1. It phosphorylates the existing ones, increasing their effectiveness
  2. Stimulates the insertion of new AMPA receptors into the membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does it mean to be autocatalytic?

A

The first protein it phsophorylates is itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why can CaMKII be thought of as a molecular switch?

A

Because when calcium enters it, it opens up

17
Q

Calcium activates nitric oxide synthase which converts to what?

A

Nitric oxide

18
Q

Nitric oxide diffuses across the synapse and activates a second messanger system, guanylyl cyclase, whcih does what?

A

Produces cGMP

19
Q

What does cGMP do?

A

Leads to an increased glutamate release from the terminal boutons

20
Q

What tyoe of CREB promotes transcription?

A

CREB-1

21
Q

The long term effects of LTP require what?

A

Protein synthesis

22
Q

CREB-1 works more effectively when it has been phosphorylated, it is phosphorylated by kinases such as?

A

PKA and CaMKII

23
Q

What occurs as a result of the CREB gene activation?

A

They make, strengthen and increase the synapses of AMPA receptors

24
Q

How does long term depression occur following LFS?

A

AMPA receptors are dephosphorylated and removed from the membrane and low level rises in calcium activate phosphatase, which removes phosphates

25
Q

Chen (1996) performed LTP and LTD on what area of the brain that was removed during the course of surgery?

A

The inferotemporal cortex

26
Q

Tang et al, 1999 made transgenic mice expressing the NB2B receptor and they showed what?

A

LTP in the mice had a higher response and higher EPSP

27
Q

How did this affect memory?

(after the gene had been inserted)

A

The rate of acquisition was not remakably different, however the T mice spent more time in the target quadrant than the controls

28
Q

What factors can affect LTP?

A
  1. Enriched environment
  2. Age
29
Q

Who found the reversal of ageing effects by enrichment?

A

Winocur, 1998

30
Q

In the conditioned fear response, what acts as the HFS?

A

The actual fear stimulus

31
Q

Because they are firing at the same time, the depolorisation effects from neuron A spread to neuron B. What does this mean in relation to neuron B and fear conditioning?

A

Overtime, activation of just neuron B will lead to a large enough EPSP to create the fear response alone, because it has been strengthened by the postsynaptic depolorisation

Brain and Behaviour (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions