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VCE Psychology > Sleep + consciousness definition > Flashcards

Sleep + consciousness definition Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

Our awareness of internal and external environments at any given moment in time.

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2
Q

Psychological construct

A

A concept used to describe something that is believed to exist, because we can measure its effects, but we cannot directly observe or measure it.

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3
Q

Subjective data

A

Data collected through personal observations, interpretations, emotions and judgments.

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4
Q

Objective data

A

Measurements of behaviour collected under controlled conditions, which allows data to be directly observed or measured.

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5
Q

State of consciousness

A

An individuals level of awareness of internal and external stimuli at any given moment.

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6
Q

Attention

A

A voluntary or involuntary tendency to orient towards or focus on a particular stimulus and ignore other stimuli.

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7
Q

Normal waking consciousness (NWC)

A

An individuals level of awareness of internal and external stimuli at any given moment.

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8
Q

Altered state of consciousness (ASC)

A

A state of consciousness that is characteristically different from normal waking consciousness in terms of awareness, sensation and perception.

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9
Q

Naturally occurring ASC

A

An ASC that is produced spontaneously without any conscious effort or decision making(eg. Daydreaming).

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10
Q

Induced ASC

A

An ASC that is intentionally produced (eg. Drugs and alcohol)

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11
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

A machine used to detect, amplify and record the brains electrical activity, measured in the form of brainwaves.

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12
Q

Frequency (of brainwaves)

A

The number of brainwaves per second.

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13
Q

Amplitude (of brainwaves)

A

The strength of a brainwave as measured by the size of the peaks and troughs from a baseline of zero activity.

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14
Q

Beta waves

A

Brainwaves characteristics of normal waking consciousness, with a low-amplitude and high frequency.

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15
Q

Alpha waves

A

Brainwaves experienced during a deeply relaxed state, with a low-medium amplitude and medium-high frequency.

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16
Q

Theta waves

A

Brainwaves experienced during the early stages of sleep, with a mix of medium-high amplitude and a low-medium frequency.

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17
Q

Delta waves

A

Brainwaves experienced during the deepest stages of sleep, with high amplitude and low frequency.

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18
Q

Electrooculograph (EOG)

A

A machine used to detect, amplify and record the electrical activity of muscles that control eye movement.

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19
Q

Electromyograph (EMG)

A

A machine used to detect, amplify and record the electrical activity of voluntary muscles.

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20
Q

Psychometric vigilance test (PVT)

A

A test used to measure behavioural alertness, where participants respond to a visual stimulus and their speed and accuracy of the task are measured.

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21
Q

Self-report

A

Involves and individual keeping a record of their own subjective experiences (thoughts, feeling and behaviours)

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22
Q

Sleep diary

A

A log of subjective behavioural and psychological experiences surrounding a persons sleep.

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23
Q

Video monitoring

A

Videotaping a person while they are sleeping to record and then analyse any observable disturbances in their sleep.

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24
Q

Controlled processes

A

Actions that require a high level of conscious awareness, attention and mental effort.

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25
Q

Selective attention

A

Attending to a particular stimulus while ignoring others; it requires a high level of awareness.

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26
Q

Automatic processes

A

Actions that require little conscious awareness or mental effort, and do not interfere with performance on their activities.

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27
Q

Divided attention

A

When an individual simultaneously focussed on two more stimuli, or simultaneously undertakes two or more tasks.

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28
Q

Hallucination

A

A sensory experience (eg. Seeing or hearing something) that does not actually exist.

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29
Q

Delusion

A

A belief or thought that is not supported by or connected to reality.

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30
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Any class of drug that alters the brains chemistry, which subsequently changes a persons perceptions, thoughts and behaviours.

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31
Q

Look-brain barrier

A

A mechanism that prevents or slows the passage of potentially harmful molecules in the blood from entering the brain but allows other molecules to enter.

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32
Q

Stimulants

A

A groups of drugs that elevate mood, increase alertness and reduce fatigue by exiting neural activity in the rain, which increases bodily functions; they include caffeine, nicotine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and cocaine.

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33
Q

Depressants

A

A group of drugs that calm neural activity and slow down bodily functions, include alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opioids and cannabis.

34
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

Going without sleep or not getting sufficient amounts of sleep to support optimal daytime functioning.

35
Q

Partial sleep deprivation

A

Getting some sleep in a 24-hour period but less than normally required for optimal daytime functioning.

36
Q

Total sleep deprivation

A

Getting no sleep at all in a 24-hour period.

37
Q

Microsleep

A

A short period of sleep where the individual appears to be awake, but brain activity indicates that they are asleep; occurs because of sleep deprivation.

38
Q

R.E.M. rebound

A

The process whereby an individual experiences rates amounts of R.E.M. Sleep after being deprived of it.

39
Q

Working memory

A

Part of our memory system that temporarily stores and manipulates a limited amount of information needed to perform cognitive tasks.

40
Q

Blood alcohol concentration (BAC)

A

The amount of alcohol present in the bloodstream.

41
Q

Sleep

A

An altered state of consciousness that features the suspension of awareness of the external environment and is accompanied by a number of physiological changes to the body.

42
Q

Sleep laboratory

A

A controlled environment that enables the electronic recording and measurement of sleep patterns.

43
Q

Electrocardiograph (ECG)

A

A machine used to detect, amplify and record the electrical activity of heart muscles.

44
Q

R.E.M. Sleep

A

A type of sleep characterised by brainwaves with high frequency and low amplitude; the muscles of the body are in a state of paralysis and dreams may be experienced.

45
Q

N.R.E.M. Sleep

A

A type of sleep that is broken into four stages, where the sleeper falls into a deeper and deeper sleep as the stages progress; characterised by relaxation of the muscles, a slowing down of physiological functions and brainwaves that decrease in frequency and increase in amplitude.

46
Q

Hypnogogic

A

A state when alpha waves begun to present on the EEG and person is drifting from wakefulness to sleep.

47
Q

Hypnic jerk

A

A reflex muscle contraction that occurs during stage 1 N.R.E.M. Sleep as the body is relaxing.

48
Q

Sleep spindles

A

A type of brain activity characterised by a short burst of high-frequency brainwaves, experienced during stage 2 N.R.E.M. Sleep.

49
Q

K-complex

A

A short burst of high-amplitude brainwaves, experienced in stage 2 N.R.E.M. Sleep.

50
Q

Slow-wave sleep (SWS)

A

A sleep state characterised by the emergence of delta waves; SWS is experienced during stages 3 & 4 N.R.E.M. Sleep.

51
Q

Dreams

A

A series of images, thoughts and emotions that passes though the mind during sleep.

52
Q

Paradoxical sleep

A

Occurs during R.E.M. Sleep where physiologically a lack of muscle time is experienced and the body is still and relaxed, but corgi ally he brain is active and alert.

53
Q

Sleep disorder

A

A condition that consistently disrupts the normal N.R.E.M. - R.E.M. Sleep cycle.

54
Q

Sleep-wake cycle

A

The rhythmic biological pattern of altering sleep with wakefulness over a 24-hour period.

55
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Regular automatic physiological changes controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus that occur during a 24-hour cycle to regulate bodily processes (eg. Body temperature).

56
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

A cluster of neutrons on the hypothalamus situated directly above the optic Chiasma that receives information about the intensity and duration of light from the retina via the optic nerve, which it uses to regulate the body’s circadian rhythms associated with the sleep-wake cycle.

57
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A brain structure that activates, controls and integrates the peripheral automatic nervous system, endocrine processes and many somatic functions, such as body temperature, sleep and appetite.

58
Q

Pineal gland

A

A gland in the centre of the brain that secretes melatonin and helps regulate body rhythms and sleep-wake cycles.

59
Q

Melatonin

A

A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that causes drowsiness and helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle.

60
Q

Circadian phase disorder

A

A sleep disorder that disturbs a persons ability to sleep and wake for the periods of time necessary to maintain good health and wellbeing, caused by the sleep-wake cycle being out of sync with the natural night-day cycle of the external environment.

61
Q

Sleep-wake cycle shift

A

Changes in how sleep is initiated and maintained as well as the percentage of time spent in each stage of sleep, caused by the circadian rhythms that regulate the sleep-wake cycle shifts to a different sleep and wake time.

62
Q

Sleep phase delay

A

A shift in the sleep-wake pattern towards the evening that causes a delay in sleep onset.

63
Q

Sleep debt

A

The amount of sleep loss accumulated from an inadequate amount of sleep, regardless of the cause.

64
Q

Delayed sleep phase disorder

A

A disorder of sleep timing in which a persons sleep-wake cycle is routinely delayed by 2 hours or more from a normal sleep pattern, causing a person to go to sleep later and wake later.

65
Q

Shift work

A

Hours of paid employment that are outside the period of normal working day and may follow a different pattern in consecutive periods of weeks.

66
Q

Shift work disorder

A

A circadian phase disorder caused by a persons work hours being scheduled during the normal sleep period (at night), causing their circadian rhythms to be out of step with their work patterns.

67
Q

Jet lag

A

A temporary circadian phase disorder characterised by fatigue and sleep disturbance that results from a disturbance that results from a disruption of the body’s normal circadian rhythm following long periods of air travel through several time zones.

68
Q

Acute sleep deprivation

A

A lack of adequate sleep time required for optimal daytime functioning; usually lasting 1-2 days.

69
Q

Chronic partial sleep deprivation

A

Routinely sleeping less than the normal time needed for optimal daytime functioning.

70
Q

Affective functioning

A

Emotional control or responsiveness.

71
Q

Sleep-deprivation psychosis

A

A disruption of mental and emotional functioning as a result of lack of sleep.

72
Q

Dysomnias

A

A group of sleep disorders characterised by disturbance of normal sleep pattern, including quality, amount and timing of sleep.

73
Q

Cataplexy

A

A sudden temporary muscle paralysis that leads to falling down; where someone is totally paralysed but fully conscious.

74
Q

Sleep latency

A

The period of time it takes a person to fall asleep.

75
Q

Insomnia

A

A sleep disorder characterised by the inability to fall asleep, frequently night-time waking, waking too early, or a combination of these, which results in sleep deprivation.

76
Q

Sleep-onset insomnia

A

A sleep disorder character by an inability to fall asleep at the beginning of the night, or at the point of normal ‘sleep onset’

77
Q

Parasomnias

A

A group of sleep disorders characterised by abnormal air unusual behaviour or physiological occurrences during sleep.

78
Q

Sleepwalking

A

A sleep disorder characterised by. Sleep in person walking and sometimes completing routine tasks or activities, often when in deep sleep (stages 3-4 N.R.E.M.)

79
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

A

The application of learning principles to change thought processes and human behaviour, especially maladaptive behaviour.

80
Q

Bright light therapy

A

Ya treatment for circadian phase disorder that exposes people to intense but safe amounts of artificial light for a specific and regular length of time to help synchronise their sleep-wake cycle with normal external day-night cycle.

VCE Psychology (2 decks)

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