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Behavior > Sleep Disorders > Flashcards

Sleep Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

origin and expression of circadian rhythms

A

hypothalamic nuclei

  • suprachiasmatic
  • subparaventricular
  • dorsomedial
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2
Q

diencephalic control of sleep onset

A

hypothalamic nuclei

  • ventrolateral preoptic
  • lateral
  • tuberomamillary

basal forebrain

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3
Q

Pontine control of the REM-NREM cycle

A

Mesopontine nuclei

  • laterodorsl tegmental
  • pedunculopontine
  • dorsal raphe
  • locus coerleus
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4
Q

how many sleep cycles does the average adult have and how long do they last

A

5-6 sleep cycles

each lasts ~90minutes

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5
Q

what stage of sleep do most adults spend most time in

A

Stage 2

it is also most common to wake from

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6
Q

about how many sleep cycles do infants have and what accounts for half of the sleep time?

A

6-9 sleep cycles

half time is in REM

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7
Q

how does sleep correlate with age

A

sleep decreases with age

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8
Q

what are some functions of sleep

A

restoration

detox

preservation of energy

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9
Q

which stage of sleep vanishes in the elderly

A

REM, then Stage 3

That’s why they tend not to feel as rested

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10
Q

Describe Stage 0 sleep

A

period of wakefulness with eyes closed

Alpha waves (which decrease as drowsiness increases)

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11
Q

Describe Stage 1 Sleep

A

sleep onset stage

provides brief transition from wakefulness to sleep

mainly Beta waves and slo theta waves

~5% of total sleep

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12
Q

Describe Stage 2 sleep

A

dominated by Theta waves with K spindle complexes

teeth grinding (bruxism) occurs here

majority of sleep time (45-55%)

easiest to wake from

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13
Q

Describe Stage 3 Sleep

A

slow wave/ deep sleep

high voltage Delta waves

increased muscle tone

absent eye movements

15-20% of total sleep time

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14
Q

activities occurring during stage 3 sleep

A

sleep walking

eneuresis

night terrors

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15
Q

Describe REM sleep

A

cardiac and respiratory rate fluctuations

penile and clitoral engorgement

20-25%of total sleep time

desynchronized sleep

rapid conjugate eye movements

reduced muscle tone

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16
Q

what pathologic event occurs during REM sleep

A

Narcolepsy

17
Q

what stage does dreaming occur

A

REM

18
Q

treatment of Narcolepsy

A

Modafinil (weakly)

19
Q

what happens during REM deprivation

A

interferes with performance and learning of complicated tasks

decreased attention to details

20
Q

which substances are seen in deep sleep

A

ACH: more towards deep sleep (highest in REM)

Serotonin: more towards deep sleep

Less Norepi is seel during deep sleep

21
Q

what triggers REM

A

ratio of ACh and Norepi

22
Q

Things that could decrease REM

A

Benzodiazepines

High EtOH

Major Depressive Disorder (increased REM, but decreased latency)

23
Q

what could happen with high EtOH during REM sleep

A

REM rebound

night mares

24
Q

Describe REM sleep behavior disorder

A

dream enacting behaviors

content of action-filled or violent dreams of being attacked or trying to escape from a threatening situation

vocalizations are often loud, emotion-filled, and profane

25
Q

Describe Narcolepsy

A

recurrent episodes of an irrepressible need to sleep

must have occurred at least 3x/ week over the past 3 months

26
Q

Describe nightmare disorder

A

repeated extended, extremely dysphoric, and well-remembered dreams that usually involve efforts to avoid threats to survival, security, or physical integrity.

Typically occurring during the second half of sleep

27
Q

Describe NREM Sleep Arousal Disorder

A

sleepwalking and sleep terrors—represent variations of the simultaneous admixture of elements of both wakefulness and NREM sleep, thereby resulting in the appearance of complex motor behavior without conscious awareness

usually amnesia after waking

28
Q

Describe RLS

A

sensorimotor, neurological sleep disorder characterized by a desire to move the legs, usually associated with uncomfortable sensations typically described as creeping, crawling, tingling, burning, or itching

worse at rest and at night

29
Q

Describe Insomnia Disorder

A

difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or early morning awakening with an inability to return to sleep

occurs at least 3 nights a week for 3 months

30
Q

how is insomnia typically treated

A
  1. CBT
  2. Benzos, Z drugs
31
Q

Describe hypersomnolence disorder

A

excessive sleepiness occurs at least 3 times a week for 3 months, as evidenced by prolonged sleep episodes, daytime sleep episodes, or difficulty being fully awake after abrupt awakening;

32
Q

treatment for hypersomnolence disorder

A

stimulant agents: methylphenidate/ Adderall

Stimulant Antidepressants: Fluoxetine

33
Q

Describe Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorder

A

persistent or recurring patterns of sleep disruption that result from an altered sleep-wake schedule, or occur when the sleep-wake cycle is not correctly synchronized with a person’s daily schedule

34
Q

Describe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea

A

breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep

at least 5 episodes per hour of sleep

most common category of breathing-related sleep disorders

cannot breathe normally because of upper airway obstruction.

35
Q

Describe central sleep apnea

A

repeated episodes of apneas and hypopneas during sleep caused by variability in respiratory effort.

These occur because the brain fails to send proper signals to the muscles that control breathing

36
Q

Describe Sleep related hypoventilation

A

frequent episodes of shallow breathing lasting longer than 10 seconds during sleep

result of a decreased response to high carbon dioxide during sleep

37
Q

Signs of Sleep deprivation

A

increased cortisol

increased blood pressure

inflammation

amygdala activation

transient psychotic symptoms

confusion

agitation

Behavior (11 decks)

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