sleep (e4)

Question 1

what are our biological rhythms tied to?

Answer 1

the passage of time

Question 2

what do rhythms help us anticipate?

Answer 2

changes in the environment

Question 3

circadian rhythms

Answer 3

24 hour biological cycles that influence regulation of sleep and other physical responses

Question 4

exposure to light readjusts biological clocks by what method

Answer 4

affective activity of the hypothalamus

Question 5

what part of the brain is a circadian clock

Answer 5

hypothalamus

Question 6

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Answer 6

• influenced by light
• controls release of melatonin in the pineal gland (makes us sleepy)
• light reaches SCN directly in mammals

Question 7

what controls the release of melatonin

Answer 7

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 8

where is melatonin released

Answer 8

pineal gland

Question 9

how many stages are there for EEG and sleep?

Answer 9

5

Question 10

stage 1

Answer 10

5-10 minutes, EEG theta waves

Question 11

stage 2: brief bursts of higher-frequency brain waves

Answer 11

k-complex and sleep spindles

Question 12

k-complex

Answer 12

sharp waves, temporal inhibition of neuronal firing, occur after sudden interruption within the sleeper’s environment (noise)

Question 13

sleep spindles

Answer 13

generated in the thalamus, 500 ms, inhibition, greater number of sleep spindles means more refreshed to perform on a learning task

Question 14

stages 3 and 4

Answer 14

slow wave sleep, high amplitude but low frequency delta waves, synchronization of low-waves, reduction of sensory input

Question 15

stage 5: REM sleep

Answer 15

rapid eye movement, high frequency beta waves in some areas, most dreams occur during this stage (can also happen in stages 3/4)

Question 16

insomnia

Answer 16

chronic problems getting adequate sleep

Question 17

causes of insomnia

Answer 17

anxiety/tension, depression

Question 18

narcolepsy

Answer 18

irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking periods

Question 19

what causes narcolepsy

Answer 19

lack of hypothalamic cells that produce orexin, huntington’s disease

Question 20

sleep apnea

Answer 20

frequent, reflexive gasping for air that awakens a person

Question 21

causes of sleep apnea

Answer 21

obesity, genetics, hormones, old-age deterioration of the brain mechanisms that regulate breathing

Question 22

night terrors

Answer 22

abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic

Question 23

nightmares

Answer 23

anxiety-arousing dreams that lead to awakening

Question 24

REM behavior disorder

Answer 24

people who move around vigorously during REM periods, acting out their dreams

Question 25

what causes REM behavior disorder

Answer 25

GABA deficiency

Question 26

sleepwalking

Answer 26

motor cortex is awake

Question 27

lucid dreaming

Answer 27

monitoring areas are awake (frontal)

Question 28

sleep terrors

Answer 28

waking up while you still cannot move

Question 29

fatal familial insomnia

Answer 29

Inherited rare disease, onset occurs when critical amount of PrP is converted to protein PrPres (causes degeneration of thalamus)

Question 30

consequences of fatal familial insomnia

Answer 30

absence of sleep spindles and k-complexes, deep sleep is reduced, REM sleep can happen during awake state, weight loss, elevated sympathetic activation, hallucinations, epileptic seizures, coma, even death

Question 31

sleep conserves energy during inefficient times

Answer 31

autonomic nervous system, similar to hibernation

Question 32

memories that are more important will be ____ during sleep

Answer 32

consolidated better

Question 33

EEG patterns during sleep resemble those that occur during ______

Answer 33

learning

Question 34

sleep spindles _____ after new learning

Answer 34

increase in number

Question 35

what adjustments does the brain make when we learn new things?

Answer 35

strengthening new synapses and weakening or removing old synapses that are no longer used

Question 36

______ associated with ______ begins when a memory is formed, but is made strong during sleep

Answer 36

reactivation process, consolidation

Question 37

what is a precursor of melatonin?

Answer 37

serotonin

Question 38

parasomnias may be related to what

Answer 38

GABA

Question 39

sleep as a local phenomena

Answer 39

you may have substantial inhibition in one brain area and not so much in another - sleep walking - REM behavior - lucid dreaming - sleep paralysis