Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neurology COPY COPY COPY COPY > Sleep physiology and disorders > Flashcards

Sleep physiology and disorders Flashcards

(53 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is sleep?

A

Reversible behavioral state of perceptual disengagement from, and unresponsiveness to, the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is sleep essential for health? Can sleep deprivation lead to death?

A

Yes and yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What regulates sleep?

A

Dienchephalic and brainstem nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does ambient light impinge upon?

A

Ganglion cells that contain the photopigment melanopsin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The retinal ganglion cells are inhibited and stimulated by what?

A

Inhibited by ambient light

Stimulated by darkness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do the retinal ganglion cells do with decreasing ambient light?

A

Fire off electrical signals to the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the suprachiasmatic nucleus do?

A

Activates the paraventricular nucleus (PVN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of the PVN?

A

It is a sympathetic nucleus that activates neurons in the intermedilateral gray zone of the upper spinal cord that modulate neurons in the superior cervical ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do the sympathetic neurons of the cervical ganglia travel and what do they activate?

A

the pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Synthesizes and releases melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Role of melatonin?

A

Stimulates a drowsy state by modulating brainstem neurons to facilitate the onset of sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When does melatonin levels begin to rise? When do they peak?

A

Early evening, ~2:00 - 4:00 am

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is sleepiness measured?

A

Polysomnography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

EEGs can be segregated into what classifications?

A

Beta >13 Hz
Alpha 8-13 Hz
Theta 4-7 Hz
Delta <4 Hz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How many stages of sleep are there?

A

Five

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are stages I - IV called? Stage V?

A

Non REM Sleep

REM Sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the lightest stage of sleep? The deepest?

A

Stage I

Stage IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is stage II of sleep characterized by?

A

Bursts of activity called sleep spindles and K complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The EEG characteristics of REM sleep are what compared to the awake sleep?

A

Very similar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

EEG activity in awake state?

A

Alpha and beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

EEG activity in Stage 1 and Stage 2 sleep?

A

Theta activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

EEG activity in Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep?

Study These Flashcards
A

Delta activity

23
Q

EEG activity in REM sleep?

Study These Flashcards
A

Theta and Beta activity

24
Q

Typically how many cycles are there in a 7-8 hr sleep period? How long does each cycle last?

Study These Flashcards
A

5-6 cycles at ~ 90 mins a piece

25
What happens to the duration of Stages 3 and 4 as the night goes on?
They become shorter
26
What happens to sleep time as one ages? What about REM sleep?
It gradually becomes less. | Less time is spent in REM sleep
27
Characteristics of NREM Sleep?
Few eye movements - If they occurs slow, rolling Decreased muscle tone but movement still occurs Decreased HR, BP, RR, Temp, metabolic rate Dreams occur but they are less vivid with low emotional content Sleep walking and night terrors occur during slow wave sleep Reach maximum during Stage IV sleep
28
Characteristics of REM Sleep?
Rapid, ballistic eye movement Muscle paralysis HR, BP, RR< metabolic rate approach awake level Dreams are vivid with strong emotional content, bizarre
29
What areas of the brain are activated during REM sleep? Inactivated?
A - Amygdala, parhippocampal gyrus, and anterior cingulate cortex I - Frontal cortex, and posterior cingulate gyrus
30
What neurons promote wakefulness in the brainstem?
Pedunculopontine (PPT) and Lateral-Dorsal tegmental (LDT) - cholinergic neurons Locus ceruleus - Noradrenergic neurons Substantia nigra - Dopaminergic neurons Raphe nuclei - serotonergic neurons
31
What neurons promote wakefulness in the Hypothalamic nuclei?
Tuberommaillary nucleus - histaminergic neurons | Lateral hypothalamus - orexin/hypocretin neurons
32
What type of signal do pedunclopontine and lateral-dorsal areas trigger? Where?
Beta waves - consistent with arousal/wakefulness | Activates thalamic-cortical signaling
33
When are the PPT and LDT pathways activated? Inactivated?
REM Sleep | NREM Sleep
34
When is noradrenergic input from the locus ceruleus activated? Less activated? Silent?
Wakefulness NREM Sleep REM Sleep
35
What is the dopaminergic circuits important for?
Full wakefulness
36
When is serotonergic circuits from the raphe nucleus activated? Less activated? Silent?
Wakefulness NREM Sleep REM Sleep
37
When is histaminergic output from the tuberomammilary nucleus high? Lower? Still Lower?
Wakefulness NREM Sleep REM Sleep
38
What role do levels of orexin play in narcolepsy?
Pts with narcolepsy have low or undetectable levels of orexin and a reduction in the number of orexin secreting neurons
39
What is the role ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)?
Harbors both GABAnergic and Galanin neurons both of which innervate and inhibit all nuclei that deal with the sleep cycle --> will lead to sleep when activated
40
What are somnogens?
Endogenous sleep-promoting chemicals that may accumulate during wakefulness and promote sleep onset
41
What role does adenosine play in sleep/arousal?
Accumulates in the CNS during wakefulness and declines during sleep
42
Which cytokines play a role in sleep?
IL-1Beta | TNF
43
How is melatonin synthesis turned on?
Decreasing light
44
What is obstructive sleep apnea?
Repetitive blockage of the respiratory pathway during sleep causing apneic periods lasting longer than 10 seconds and causing oxyhemoglobin desaturations of more than 4%.
45
There is a strong association between OSA and what?
Heart Dz | HTN
46
Pathogenesis of OSA?
Complex interaction between pharyngeal muscles, tongue, and soft tissues, leading to airway obstruction
47
What is narcolepsy?
Excessive daytime sleepiness associated with one or more of the following tetrad: 1. Sleep attacks/intrusions 2. Cataplexy 3. Sleep paralysis 4. Hypnagogic hallucinations
48
Pathogenesis of narcolepsy?
Loss of hypocretin/orexin secreting neurons in the posterior lateral hypothalamus
49
Genetics involved in narcolepsy?
HLA genes DQ1, DQb1*0602 that may predispose to an autoimmune attack on orexin secreting neurons
50
What is insomnia?
Difficulty falling asleep or remaining asleep
51
What is REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RSD)?
Loss of atonia/paralysis during REM sleep leading to physical acting out of dream states including verablization, punching, kicking, jumping from bed - this activity can cause physical injury to the bed partner or patient.
52
Pathogenesis of RSD?
May be idiopathic or associated with alpha-synucleinopathies.
53
In what stage of sleep do narcoleptics enter?
REM

Neurology COPY COPY COPY COPY (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions