Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biopsych Exam 5 > Slide 1 > Flashcards

Slide 1 Flashcards

(73 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Describe PTSD

A
  • post traumatic stress disorder

- recurring/disturbing memories of certain events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define learning

A
  • how experience changes the brain

- involves neuroplasticity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define neuroplasticity

A

brain’s ability to modify synaptic connections as a result of experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define memory

A

refers to how info is stored

and later retrieved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an engram?

A
  • memory trace
  • physical trace or representation in brain
  • of what has been learned
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What did Karl Lashley study?

A

localisation of language function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe Lashley’s process of experimentation

A
  • trained rats to run mazes of various levels of difficulty
  • disrupted connections between brain areas
  • or removed parts of the cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe Lashley’s findings

A
  • no single cut or combination of cuts
  • interfered w/ rats learning and memory of a maze
  • only large lesions disrupted performance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What two principles did Lashley come up with to summarize his observations?

A
  • equipotentiality

- mass action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe Lashley’s principle of equipotentiality

A
  • brain has ability to use intact part of brain

- to do what damaged part of brain can no longer do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe Lashley’s principle of mass action

A
  • learning/mem deficits

- are proportional to amount of brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was Lashley’s conclusion?

A
  • memories not localized to specific areas

- memory storage distributed over large parts of the cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What did Richard Thompson and his colleagues study?

A
  • classical conditioning

- eg. eyeblink conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe Pavlovian conditioning

A

Dog responds to a bell by salivating because it associates the bell with the smell of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In Pavlovian conditioning, what is the role of food

A

unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In Pavlovian conditioning, what is the role of salivation in response to food?

A

unconditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In Pavlovian conditioning, what is the role of a bell

A

conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In Pavlovian conditioning, what is the role of salivation in response to the sound of a bell

A

conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe eyeblink conditioning

A
  • subject responds to a tone by blinking

- because he associates the tone with a puff of air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In the eyeblink conditioning experiment, which one is the conditioned stimulus and which is the unconditioned stimulus

A

conditioned stimulus: tone

unconditioned stimulus: air puff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which part of the brain stores memory for the eyeblink conditioning

A

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why did Lashley fail while Thompson succeeded?

A
  • complex tasks like maze learning can rely on more distributed areas of the brain
  • Lashley’s methods less precise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe Atkinson and Shiffrin’s memory model

A
  • 3 stages
  • sensory memory
  • short term memory
  • long term memory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Define sensory memory

A
  • copy of sensory info

- that you’ve just seen/heard/tasted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How long does sensory memory last?
-few seconds or less
26
What is the capacity of sensory memory?
difficult to be determined since so short
27
Where is sensory memory thought to be stored
primary sensory areas
28
How long does short term memory last?
few seconds - minutes
29
What is the capacity of short term memory?
- 7 items | - +/- 2
30
What is long term memory?
-'permanent memory'
31
Duration of long term memory
-minutes - years
32
What is the capacity of long term memory
virtually unlimited capacity
33
How are memories transformed from short term to long term?
rehearsal
34
What is the effect of emotional response on memory?
emotional response can enhance memory
35
What part of the brain is associated with emotional response to memory?
amygdala
36
Define explicit memory
- memory for info that one recognizes as a memory | - requires conscious thought
37
What are 2 types of explicit memory
- episodic | - semantic
38
Define episodic memory
- memory for events | - eg. first day of school
39
Define semantic memory
-memory for facts
40
Define implicit memory
memory for tasks that do not require conscious awareness
41
What is another name for explicit memory
declarative
42
What is another name for implicit memory
non declarative
43
What brain area is responsible for explicit memory
medial temporal lobe (diencephalon)
44
What brain area is responsible for the procedural section of implicit memory
Striatum
45
What brain area is responsible for the priming/perceptual section of implicit memory
neocortex
46
What brain area is responsible for emotional responses in classical conditioning?
amygdala
47
What brain area is responsible for skeletal responses in classical conditioning?
cerebellum
48
What part is responsible for non associative learning of implicit memory
reflex pathways
49
Define amnesia
- long term memory impairment | - inability to retain info for more than a few minutes
50
Cause of amnesia
damage to brain areas responsible for memory consolidation, storage, processing, recall
51
Two types of amnesia
- anterograde | - retrograde
52
Define anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories after brain damage
53
Define retrograde amnesia
inability to recall memories prior to brain damage
54
What type of surgery did HM undergo to treat his epilepsy?
- bilateral medial temporal lobectomy | - removed amygdala, hippocampus, adjacent cortex (rhinal)
55
Name 4 consequences of HM's surgery
- reduced seizure effects - higher IQ - normal perceptual/motor abilities - severe amnesiac effects
56
True or false: HM's short term memory was still functional
true
57
HM could not form new memories - what type of amnesia is this?
- anterograde amnesia | - ie. explicit memory deficit
58
What is temporally graded retrograde amnesia?
- remote events more easily accessible | - than events occurring right before the trauma
59
Which memory tests did HM do fine in and what does it show?
- mirror drawing test - incomplete pictures test - his implicit/learning memory was intact
60
3 major effects of HM case
- proof of existence of diff types of memory - challenged view that mnemonic functions are equally represented in the brain - supports diff stages of storage in STM and LTM
61
What is the cause of Korsakoff's syndrome
-thiamine deficiency due to chronic alcohol consumption
62
What is the effect of Korsakoff's syndrome
-retorgrade and anterograde amnesia
63
______ is a unique symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome
confabulation
64
Define confabulation
- memory error resulting in a fabricated account of the past - without the conscious intention to deceive
65
In Korsakoff's syndrome, which brain areas are affected?
- medial diencephalon (thalamus) | - prefrontal cortex
66
What is Alzheimer's disease?
- progressive memory loss associated with aging | - common cause of dementia
67
What is the cause of Alzheimer's?
reduction in acetycholine
68
Effects of alzheimers
- pathological changes in the brain - extensive neural degradation - amyloid plaques - neurofibrillary tangles
69
Describe the process of a concussion resulting in amnesia
- blow to the head - coma - regains consciousness - confusion - retrograde amnesia for events right before event - anterograde amnesia for events during confusion
70
Which type of amnesia can electroconvulsive therapy produce?
retrograde amnesia
71
3 things we have learned from studying people with amnesia
- there are diff types of memory - there are diff stages of memory - diff brain regions involved
72
What are the limitations of studying people with amnesia?
- lesions are not specific or complete - studies of 1 person may not be generalizable - difficult to control
73
What are the limitations of studying HM as an exemplary subject of amnesia?
- small parts of hippocampus were intact | - damage to more than 1 brain area

Biopsych Exam 5 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions