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Biopsych Exam 5 > Slide 3 > Flashcards

Slide 3 Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Which brain structure is responsible for explicit memory?

A

hippocampus

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2
Q

Which brain structure is responsible for emotional regulation of memory?

A

amygdala

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3
Q

Which brain structure is responsible for eye blink conditioning

A

cerebellum

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4
Q

Which brain structure is responsible for object recognition

A

rhinal cortex

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5
Q

Damage to what brain structure results in Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A 
medial diencephalon
(mediodorsal nucleus)
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6
Q

Damage to what brain structure results in alzheimers?

A

basal forebrain

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7
Q

Define neuroplasticity

A
  • brain’s ability
  • to modify synaptic connections
  • as a result of experience
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8
Q

Name 4 mechanisms of learning and memory

A
  • hebbian plasticity
  • structural changes in synapses after learning
  • long term potentiation
  • habituation and sensitization in Aplysia
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9
Q

Describe the concept of Hebb’s postulate

A
  • increase in synaptic strength
  • arises from the presynaptic cell’s
  • repeated and persistent stimulation
  • of the postsynaptic cell
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10
Q

Which mechanism does this phrase describe:

‘neurons that fire together wire together’

A

Hebb’s postulate

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11
Q

Describe the concept of Hebbian plasticity

A
  • If cell A
  • Stimulates cell B
  • The connection becomes stronger
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12
Q

What is an example of Hebbian plasticity used in learning?

A

Pavlovian conditioning

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13
Q

Before Pavlovian conditioning, the bell ______ elicit the salivation response

A

does not

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14
Q

Before Pavlovian conditioning, the food ____ elicit the salivation response

A

does

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15
Q

During Pavlovian conditioning, ___________ elicit the salivation response

A
  • the food
  • and
  • the bell
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16
Q

After Pavlovian conditioning, _____ by itself is able to elicit the salivation response

A

-the bell

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17
Q

During Pavlovian conditioning, what must happen for learning to occur?

A
  • CS neuron and UCS neuron
  • both fire the CR neuron
  • in the same place
  • at the same time
  • causing synaptic changes to occur
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18
Q

Why is timing critical for learning?

A

-CS must predict the UCS

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19
Q

Define coincidence detection

A
  • neurons are able to detect changes

- that happen close together in time

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20
Q

How does coincidence detection occur?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • NMDA receptors bind glutamate

- NMDA receptors are normally blocked by magnesium ions

21
Q

What must happen for NMDA receptors to respond maximally

Study These Flashcards
A
  • glutumate must bind
  • AND
  • neuron must be partially depolarized
22
Q

What ion does NMDA allow in the cell

23
Q

What effect does the entry of Ca++ have on the cell?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • activates enzymes

- called protein kinases

24
Q

What are protein kinases?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • enzymes that influence many chemical reactions
  • inside neurons
  • eg. structural changes of neurons
25
Which stimulus results in glutamate release?
- conditioned stimulus | - eg. bell
26
What effect does the unconditioned stimulus have on the post synaptic cell and which ions does this affect?
- depolarizes post synaptic cell | - removes Mg ++ blockade
27
Learning results in a(n) ______ in the number of synapses
increase
28
What effect does learning have on existing synapses?
-changes the structure
29
What happens to the shape of the post synaptic membrane after learning?
- it becomes more dense | - increase in the number of AMPA receptors
30
What is the result of an increase in the number of AMPA receptors in the post synaptic membrane after learning?
- Na+ influx | - synaptic strength
31
What model is used to portray the process of learning?
electrophysiological
32
What is LTP?
- long term potentiation - long lasting increase in synaptic strength - following high frequency stimulation of a synapse
33
Does long term potentiaion = learning?
- no | - but evidence suggests that LTP like changes occur during learning
34
4 similarities between LTP and learning
- drugs preventing LTP also prevent learning - LTP and learning use the same type of neural changes - learning can produce LTP type changes - LTP more readily observed in structures known to be involved in learning/memory
35
What is an example of a drug which prevents LTP and prevents learning?
-NMDA receptor antagonist
36
What is an example of a neural change common to both LTP and learning?
increase in AMPA receptors in postsynaptic membrane
37
What is a brain structure which is known to be involved in learning/memory in which LTP is more readily observed?
hippocampus
38
What role did Eric Kandel and co play in learning discoveries?
- characterized how nervous system changes | - during leraning
39
What did Eric Kandel choose to study in his research on learning?
-Aplysia
40
Why did Kandel choose to study Aplysia?
- fewer cells than vertebrates - cells/connections virtually identical from animal to animal - therefore easier to work out mechanisms in greater detail
41
What is habituation
- simplest form of learning - decrease in response to a stimulus - when that stimulus is presented repeatedly
42
How is habituation portrayed in Aplysia?
- gill withdrawal reflex - stimulating siphon - results in gill withdrawal
43
What is the neural basis of habituation?
- decrease in synaptic activity - at sensory/motor neuron junction - decrease in Ca++ influx - therefore decrease in neurotransmitter release
44
What is sensitization?
increase in strength of response to a stimulus
45
How is sensitization portrayed in Aplysia?
- electric shock to Aplysia tail - increases amplitude of gill withdrawal reflex - to a mild stimulus - that lasts several minutes
46
What is the best way to observe long term sensitization?
-spread out trials across several days
47
What have we learned from research on Aplysia?
- discovered neural circuit supporting this behavior | - discovered molecular and cellular mechanisms of learning/memory
48
Transcription factors
- in nucleus | - can make new protein

Biopsych Exam 5 (3 decks)

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